Table 1.

Key features of human mansonellosis

Characteristic	Mansonella streptocerca	Mansonella ozzardi	Mansonella perstans
Areas of endemicity	Western and Central Africa	Central and South America, Caribbean	Sub-Saharan and North Africa, South America
Arthropod vectors	Culicoides spp.	Culicoides spp.; Simulium amazonicum	Culicoides spp.
Filariae localization	Dermis of the trunk and upper shoulder girdle	Lymphatic vessels, pericardium, pleura and peritoneum	Pericardium, pleura and peritoneum; mesentery, and retroperitoneum
Microfilariae localization	Skin	Blood and skin	Blood