Table 2. Late-pregnancy dysglycemia in obese, GDM-negative mothers and offspring outcomes.

Child outcome	Control group (obese, GDM−, normal HbA1c)		Maternal late-pregnancy dysglycemia (obese, GDM−, high HbA1c)
	N	Mean (95% CI)	N	Mean increment Δ (95% CI) with respect to control group
At deliverya
Birth weight, g	313	3,454 (3,404 to 3,504)	135	192 (100 to 284)
Cord-blood C-peptide, ng/mlb	296	0.51 (0.47 to 0.55)	130	0.10 (0.02 to 0.17)
Long-term follow-upc
BMI z-score change per yeard	595	−0.10 (−0.17 to −0.03)	262	0.18 (0.06 to 0.30)
BMI z-score at 4 yearse	108	0.46 (0.24 to 0.68)	43	0.58 (0.18 to 0.99)

Mean increments in offspring outcomes by high maternal HbA_1c (≥5.7% [39 mmol/mol]) at delivery are shown relative to the obese, GDM−, normal HbA_1c group. Bold font indicates p < 0.05.

^aBased on linear regression models, adjusted for maternal pre-conception BMI, total gestational weight gain, maternal smoking at any time during pregnancy, and sex of the child.

^bTo convert C-peptide ng/ml to nmol/l, multiply by 0.331.

^cAdjusted for maternal pre-conception BMI, total gestational weight gain, maternal smoking at any time during pregnancy, and exclusive breastfeeding ≥1 month.

^dBased on linear mixed-effects model.

^eBased on linear regression model.

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin.