Table 1.
Study details and key findings from manuscripts included in the systematic review
| Authors | Title | Sample(s) | PM Task(s) | Key finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carey et al. (2006) | Prospective memory in HIV-1 infection |
42HIV+ 29HIV- |
MIST, MIST 24-hr | The HIV+ participants demonstrated deficits in time- and event-based PM, as well as more frequent 24-hr delay PM failures. |
| Woods et al. (2006) | Markers of macrophage activation and axonal injury are associated with prospective memory in HIV-1 |
35 HIV+ | MIST | Higher levels of MCP-1 in plasma, and soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor type II and tau in cerebrospinal fluid were associated with lower PM but not with retrospective memory. |
| Martin et al. (2007) | Characteristics of prospective memory deficits in HIV- seropositive substance- dependent individuals: Preliminary observations |
31 HIV+ 35 HIV- (all substance- Dependent individuals) |
Habitual event- and time- based tasks with the clinical neuropsychological battery as the ongoing task |
HIV+ participants showed deficits in time- but not event- based PM. Time-based PM performance was a significant predictor of risky sexual practices in entire sample. |
| Woods et al. (2007) | Frequency and predictors of self-reported prospective memory complaints in individuals infected with HIV |
75 HIV + 60 HIV- |
MIST, PRMQ | Self reported PM symptoms were elevated in HIV+ persons, but did not correspond to actual PM abilities. |
| Woods et al. (2008a) |
HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning |
66 HIV+ | MIST, PRMQ | HIV-associated PM impairment and elevated PM symptoms were each independently associated with greater dependence in instrumental activities of daily living. |
| Woods et al. (2008b) |
Prospective memory in HIV infection: Is “remembering to remember” a unique predictor of self-reported medication management? |
87 HIV+ on ART | MIST, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
PM was associated with self- reported medication management, independent of other cognitive functions, psychiatric, psychosocial, and environmental factors. |
|
Woods et al. (2009) |
Timing is everything: Antiretroviral non-adherence is associated with impairment in time-based prospective memory |
79 HIV+ on ART | MIST, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
Individuals classified as non- adherent to ARTs using electronic medication monitoring had significantly lower PM performance, particularly on time-based PM, but did not differ on PRMQ or MIST 24-hr. |
| Contardo et al. (2009) | Relationship of prospective memory to neuropsychological function and antiretroviral adherence |
97 HIV+ on ART (all substance-dependent individuals) |
MIST | PM loaded separately from retrospective memory and executive functions and was the only correlate of ART adherence. |
| Gupta et al. (2010) | Is prospective memory a dissociable cognitive function in HIV infection? |
162 HIV+ | MIST, AAIM | PM loaded on a unique factor, apart from tests of retrospective memory, executive functions, and motor skills. |
| Woods et al. (2010) | The semantic relatedness of cue-intention pairings influences event-based prospective memory failures in older adults with HIV infection |
35 HIV+ (≤ 40 yrs) 48 HIV+ (≥ 50 yrs) 20 HIV- (≤ 40 yrs) 15 HIV- (≥ 50 yrs) |
MIST, AAIM | Significant additive effects of aging and HIV on event-based PM, especially when PM cue was not semantically related to intention. |
| Zogg et al. (2010) | HIV-associated prospective memory impairment in the laboratory predicts failures on a semi-naturalistic measure of health care compliance |
139 HIV+ | MIST, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
MIST, but not PRMQ, was a significant predictor of MIST 24-hr after controlling for demographics, retrospective memory and executive functions, and psychiatric factors. |
| Iudicello et al. (2011) | Misremembering future intentions in methamphetamine dependent individuals |
20 HIV + 19 HIV- (all Methamphetamine- dependent individuals) |
MIST, MIST 24-hr | No effect of HIV on time- or event- based PM in persons with methamphetamine dependence. |
| Weber et al. (2011) | An examination of the age- prospective memory paradox in HIV-infected adults |
53 HIV+ (≤40 yrs) 88 HIV+ (≥ 50 yrs) 59 HIV- (≤40 yrs) 54 HIV- (≥ 50 yrs) |
MIST time-based scale, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
Older HIV+ adults performed worse than their younger HIV+ counterparts on laboratory tasks of PM but performed comparably on a naturalistic PM task. |
| Woods et al. (2011) | Prospective memory deficits are associated with unemployment in persons living with HIV infection |
59 HIV+ Unemployed 49 HIV+ Employed |
MIST, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
MIST, but not PRMQ or MIST 24- hr, was independently associated with employment status. |
| Zogg et al. (2011) | Are time- and event-based prospective memory comparably affected in HIV infection? |
143 HIV+ 43 HIV- |
MIST | HIV+ individuals demonstrated deficits in time-based PM compared to HIV- adults, as well as a trend- level difference on event-based PM, which was driven by the participants with HAND. |
| Doyle et al. (2012) | Aging, prospective memory, and health-related quality of life in HIV infection |
41 HIV+ (≤40 yrs) 72 HIV+ (≥50 yrs) |
MIST, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
Self-reported PM was an independent predictor of health- related QoL in the overall sample; however, time-based PM was only associated with health-related QoL in the younger group. |
| Hoare et al. (2012) | A diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological study of prospective memory impairment in South African HIV positive individuals |
128 HIV+ (40 DTI) 32 HIV- (10 DTI) |
MIST, PRMQ | PM associated with fractional anisotropy values in all regions. HIV effect for time-, but not event-based, PM. |
| Morgan et al. (2012) | Longer ongoing task delay interval exacerbate prospective memory deficits in HIV- associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) |
49 HAND 78 HIV- |
MIST, PRMQ | HAND group performed worse on long-delay time-based PM tasks and reported more long-delay PM symptoms but there was no group effect on short-delay PM performance or symptoms. |
| Poquette et al. (2013) | Prospective memory and antiretroviral medication non- adherence in HIV: An analysis of ongoing task delay length using the memory for intentions screening test |
74 HIV+ on ART | MIST | Poor long-delay time-based PM was uniquely predictive of poor ART adherence as measured by electronic monitoring. |
| Blackstone et al. (2013) | Memory-Based Strategies for Antiretroviral Medication Management: An Evaluation of Clinical Predictors, Adherence Behavior Awareness, and Effectiveness |
223 HIV+ on ART | MIST |
Poor event-based PM performance was associated more frequent use of ART adherence strategies. |
| Doyle et al. (2013) | Prospective memory in HIV- associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND): The neuropsychological dynamics of time monitoring |
55 HAND 108 HIV- |
MIST, MIST 24-hr | HAND group demonstrated poorer strategic time monitoring, which was related to lower time-based PM. |
| Casaletto et al. (2014) | Self-predictions of prospective memory in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Evidence of a metamemory deficit |
72 HAND+ 131 HAND- 150 HIV- |
MIST, PRMQ | HAND+ group reported more everyday PM symptoms but were inaccurately overconfident in their PM task predictions compared to HAND- and HIV-. PM overconfidence was associated with executive dysfunction and ART nonadherence. |
| Coulehan et al. (2014) | The role of decision-making ability in HIV/AIDS: impact on prospective memory |
89 HIV+ | MIST, MIST 24-hr | Risky decision-making performance predicted PM independent of executive functions. |
| Loft et al. (2014) | Allowing brief delays in responding improves event- based prospective memory for young adults living with HIV disease |
57 HIV+ young adults | Ongoing lexical decision-making task with an embedded focal and non-focal task with varying onset PM response time. |
Delaying the execution of PM responses increased PM performance accuracy, particularly for non-focal targets. |
| Woods et al. (2014) | Task importance affects event- based prospective memory performance in adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-infected young adults with problematic substance use |
Study 1: 15 HAND+, 35 HAND-, 31 HIV- Study 2: 58 HIV+ youth (33 with SUD) |
Ongoing lexical decision-making task with a non- focal event-based PM paradigm. |
Emphasizing PM task importance vs. the ongoing task normalized PM accuracy in HAND and SUD. |
| Doyle et al. (2015a) | Time estimation and production in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) |
53 HAND+ 120 HAND- 113 HIV− |
MIST | Time estimation and production correlated with time-, but not event- based PM in HIV |
| Doyle et al. (2015b) | Habitual prospective memory in HIV disease |
36 HAND+ 70 HAND- 115 HIV– |
Computerized habitual time-based PM task with an ongoing cognitive and emotional Stroop task. |
HAND+ individuals had elevated PM repetition errors. Worse habitual PM was associated with poorer learning and dependence in real- world outcomes, including ART nonadherence. |
| Sheppard et al. (2015) | Does older age confer an increased risk of incident neurocognitive disorders among persons living with HIV disease? |
56 HIV+ (≥ 50 yrs) | MIST | PM performance at baseline was associated with incident neurocognitive disorder at one-year follow-up. |
| Avci et al. (2016) | The effects of HIV disease and older age on laboratory-based, naturalistic, and self-perceived symptoms of prospective memory: Does retrieval cue type and delay interval matter? |
48 HIV+ (≤40 yrs) 112 HIV+(≥ 50 yrs) 77 HIV- (≤40 yrs) 77 HIV- (≥ 50 yrs) |
MIST, MIST 24-hr, PRMQ |
Older age and HIV had independent effects on long-delay time-based PM in the laboratory, whereas on a naturalistic PM task older HIV− adults performed better than older HIV+ adults and younger persons. Older age, but not HIV, was associated with a relative sparing of self-perceived PM failures in daily life across longer delay self-cued intervals. |
| Sheppard et al. (2016) | Pill burden influences the association between time-based prospective memory and antiretroviral therapy adherence in younger but not older HIV-infected adults |
117 HIV+(≥ 50 yrs) 82 HIV+ (≤40 yrs) |
MIST | In the older group, better time-based PM performance was associated with higher likelihood of ART adherence, irrespective of pill burden. Within the younger sample, time-based PM was positively related to adherence only in participants with lower pill burden. |
| Sirois et al. (2016) | Associations of memory and executive functioning with academic and adaptive functioning among youth with perinatal HIV exposure and/or infection |
258 HIV+ youth | PROMACY | PM was uniquely predictive of verbal and mathematical academic achievement. |
| Faytell et al. (in press-a) | Visualisation of future task performance improves naturalistic prospective memory for some younger adults living with HIV disease |
60 HIV+ youth | MIST | Visualization at encoding improved naturalistic event-based PM for HIV+ youth with low time-based PM and normal learning. |
| Faytell et al. (in press-b) | Calendaring and alarms can improve naturalistic time-based prospective memory for youth infected with HIV |
47 HIV+ youth | MIST | Calendaring and alarms improved naturalistic time-based PM performance, which was not associated with the MIST. |
Note. AAIM = Abbreviated Assessment of Intentional Memory; ART = Antiretroviral Therapy; DTI = Diffusion Tensor Imaging; HAND = HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders; MCP-1 = Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1; MIST = Memory for Intentions Screening Test; MIST 24-hr = 24-hour delay trial of Memory for Intentions Screening Test; PRMQ = Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire; PROMACY = Prospective Memory Assessment for Children and Youth; PM = Prospective Memory; QoL = quality of life; SUD = Substance Use Disorder.