Table 1. Reported fetal findings by diagnosis.

OEIS complex/cloacal exstrophy
Diagnostic criteria	Four key criteria in the acronym
	Omphalocele
	Exstrophy of the bladder
	Imperforate anus
	Spina bifida
Proposed common findings	Kidney malformations (up to 60% of cases 49 )
	Hydroureter 49 50
	Hydronephrosis 49 50 51
	Congenital megaureter 16 52
	Pelvic kidney 16 53 54
	Duplex kidney 16 54
	Renal dysplasia 51 55
	Cystic dysplasia 16 49 50
	Renal agenesis 49 50 52 55 56 57
	Limb anomalies
	Clubfoot with vertical talus 50
	Limb length discrepancy 53
	Bilateral clubfeet 16 53 56
	Neural tube defects 57 58 (70% of cases 49 )
	Spina bifida, myelocystocele 49
	Terminal myelocystocele 16 53 54
	Lumbosacral spina bifida 51 56
	Hindbrain herniation, lipomyelomeningocele 16
	Omphalocele 16 52 54 55 56
	Spine abnormalities
	Kyphoscoliosis 49 50
	Sacral hemivertebra 55
	Pubic diastasis 51
	Missing bladder 16 51 52 53 54 56
	Single umbilical artery 16 52 54 55
	Abnormality of external genitalia 16 54
	Hypospadias 55
	Bifid corporal bodies 53
	Duplicated vagina, bifid scrotum, micropenis 56
	Ambiguous genitalia 51
Case reports	Intrinsic cardiac abnormalities
	Moderate PDA, small PFO, mild tricuspid regurgitation 54
	ASD, atrioventricular valve, unroofed coronary sinus, persistent L SVC, LVH 55
	Single right ventricle 56
Pentalogy of Cantrell
Diagnostic criteria	Five distinct criteria, partial cases may have fewer than five
	Intracardiac abnormalities
	Anterior pericardial defects
	Lower sternal defects
	Anterior diaphragmatic defects
	Supraumbilical abdominal wall defects 12
Proposed common findings	Ectopia cordis 4 8 22 24 26 59
	Intrinsic cardiac malformations
	ASD 4 26 50
	VSD 4 8 24 50
	Tetralogy of Fallot 4 22 24 26 50
	Left ventricular diverticulum 26 50
	Transposition of the great vessels 26
	Tricuspid atresia, dextrocardia, anomalous cardiac venous return 8
	Neural tube defects 26 58
	Midline supraumbilical abdominal wall defect
	Omphalocele 4 8 22 26 50 59
	Diastasis recti abdominis, umbilical hernia, epigastric hernia 50
	Ventral hernia, open defect 26
	Supraumbilical hernia 24
	Sternal defects
	Bifid sternum 4 26
	Cleft sternum 4 22 24
	Absence of xiphoid 8
	Split sternum 26
	Diaphragmatic defects
	Anterior diaphragmatic hernia 4 24 26 59
	Pericardial defects
	Pericardial hernia 4 50
	Absent pericardium 26 59
	Umbilical cord defects
	Single umbilical artery 8 22 60
	Short cord, hypercoiled cord associated with POC + ectopia cordis 8
	Facial defects
	Cleft lip and/or palate 26
Case reports	Aplastic left limb 61
	Spinal defect 62
	Hypoplastic lung 26
	Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hypoplastic kidney, cleft lip and palate, pulmonary atresia 4
	Gastroschisis, twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence 8
	Nonrotation of the midgut, accessory spleen 22
Limb–body wall complex
Diagnostic criteria	Two of the following
	Exencephaly or encephalocele with facial clefts
	Thoraco- and/or abdominoschisis
	Limb defects 7 63
	Two distinct phenotypes
	Craniofacial defects often with cranioplacental adhesion and or amniotic bands
	No craniofacial defects but abdominal–placental attachment with short/absent umbilical cord and urogenital anomalies 35
	Body stalk anomaly
	Large abdominal wall defect with herniation of abdominal contents into the extraembryonic coelom
	Absent or rudimentary umbilical cord 34
Proposed common findings	Absent/rudimentary/short umbilical cord 32 34 47 58
	Limb anomalies
	Pseudosyndactyly without amniotic bands, oligodactyly, polydactyly, split hand and foot, single bone forelimb, forebone abnormalities, absent limb and limb girdle, absent muscles and arthrogryposis 7 63
	Clubbed feet, single lower limb 34
	Bilateral clubbed feet 32
	Club foot, rocker bottom foot 47
	Neural tube defects 46 58
	Exencephaly or encephalocele 7 63
	Abdominal wall defects
	Abdominoschisis 34 64
	Omphalocele 32 39 47
	Skeletal abnormalities
	Kyphoscoliosis 32 34
	Scoliosis 46 47 64
	Craniofacial abnormalities 28 34
Case reports	Encephalocele, anophthalmia, bilateral cleft lip, thoracic cleft with ectopia cordis, omphalocele, short umbilical cord, single umbilical artery 39
	Ectopia cordis 11
	Anencephaly 32
	Abdominoschisis, diaphragmatic defect 39
	Agenesis of the anal canal, agenesis of the genitourinary tract, hypoplastic lungs 64
	Absent diaphragm, bowel atresia, renal agenesis, anal atresia, no external genitalia 44
	Anal atresia, no external genitalia, no urinary bladder, hypoplastic lungs 47

Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; OEIS, omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spina bifida; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PFO, patent foramen ovale; SVC, superior vena cava.