Table 1.
Enrollment Characteristics, by Intervention Group
| Characteristic | Control | Water | Sanitation | Handwashing | WSH | Nutrition | N+WSH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of women | (n = 929) | (n = 550) | (n = 547) | (n = 539) | (n = 523) | (n = 491) | (n = 523) |
| Mothers | |||||||
| Age, y, mean (range) | 24 (15–43) | 24 (15–43) | 24 (15–41) | 24 (15–60) | 25 (15–44) | 24 (15–45) | 24 (14–43) |
| Years of education, mean (range) | 6 (0–15) | 6 (0–14) | 6 (0–17) | 6 (0–16) | 6 (0–14) | 6 (0–16) | 6 (0–14) |
| Fathers | |||||||
| Years of education, mean (range) | 5 (0–16) | 5 (0–16) | 5 (0–17) | 5 (0–16) | 5 (0–16) | 5 (0–16) | 5 (0–16) |
| Works in agriculture, % (No.) | 31 (292) | 31 (173) | 31 (168) | 37 (202) | 31 (162) | 34 (165) | 31 (163) |
| Household | |||||||
| No. of persons, mean (range) | 5 (2–17) | 5 (2–23) | 5 (2–17) | 5 (2–22) | 5 (1–14) | 5 (2–18) | 5 (2–14) |
| Has electricity, % (No.) | 58 (538) | 63 (345) | 61 (331) | 60 (322) | 63 (330) | 61 (301) | 61 (317) |
| Has a cement floor, % (No.) | 10 (93) | 12 (66) | 12 (66) | 8 (43) | 11 (56) | 9 (42) | 12 (63) |
| Acres of agricultural land owned, mean (range) | 0.1 (0.0–2.5) | 0.1 (0.0–2.4) | 0.1 (0.0–3.2) | 0.1 (0.0–2.6) | 0.2 (0.0–3.1) | 0.2 (0.0–2.8) | 0.2 (0.0–8.9) |
| Drinking water, % (No.) | |||||||
| Shallow tubewell primary water source | 77 (711) | 73 (404) | 75 (411) | 70 (379) | 79 (413) | 75 (369) | 74 (387) |
| Stored water observed at home | 47 (433) | 51 (281) | 47 (259) | 49 (263) | 41 (217) | 42 (205) | 48 (251) |
| Reported treating water yesterday | 0 (3) | 0 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (2) |
| Sanitation | |||||||
| Daily defecating in the open, % (No.) | |||||||
| Adult men | 7 (67) | 5 (29) | 7 (36) | 10 (53) | 7 (34) | 7 (36) | 7 (39) |
| Adult women | 5 (44) | 3 (14) | 4 (23) | 5 (28) | 4 (21) | 5 (26) | 4 (20) |
| Children 8–14 y (n = 1743) | 10 (38) | 10 (21) | 9 (22) | 15 (37) | 8 (19) | 8 (17) | 9 (22) |
| Children 3–7 y (n = 2179) | 40 (197) | 36 (111) | 37 (109) | 38 (110) | 35 (99) | 35 (85) | 36 (99) |
| Children 0–2 y (n = 848) | 81 (157) | 86 (89) | 81 (86) | 85 (100) | 78 (92) | 83 (85) | 89 (93) |
| Latrine, % (No.) | |||||||
| Owned | 53 (496) | 53 (291) | 53 (292) | 55 (294) | 53 (277) | 54 (266) | 54 (283) |
| Concrete slab | 90 (840) | 93 (510) | 88 (483) | 90 (483) | 90 (471) | 90 (440) | 90 (472) |
| Functional water seal | 25 (235) | 26 (145) | 26 (142) | 25 (137) | 21 (110) | 26 (130) | 23 (118) |
| Visible stool on slab or floor | 49 (451) | 45 (247) | 45 (245) | 44 (236) | 53 (275) | 46 (227) | 49 (258) |
| Owned a child’s potty | 3 (32) | 4 (21) | 4 (21) | 5 (27) | 4 (19) | 5 (26) | 5 (25) |
| Human feces observed in an area, % (No.) | |||||||
| House | 9 (84) | 10 (53) | 8 (42) | 11 (57) | 7 (37) | 7 (35) | 7 (36) |
| Child’s play area | 1 (13) | 1 (6) | 1 (5) | 1 (6) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) | 1 (6) |
| Handwashing, % (No.) | |||||||
| Has within 6 steps of latrine | |||||||
| Water | 13 (119) | 12 (66) | 12 (65) | 9 (46) | 8 (43) | 9 (42) | 12 (61) |
| Soap | 5 (51) | 7 (38) | 8 (41) | 5 (26) | 5 (24) | 4 (22) | 6 (31) |
| Has within 6 steps of kitchen | |||||||
| Water | 9 (79) | 7 (36) | 7 (40) | 6 (31) | 8 (43) | 9 (45) | 9 (46) |
| Soap | 2 (22) | 2 (12) | 2 (11) | 2 (11) | 2 (11) | 4 (19) | 3 (17) |
| Parasite prevalence | |||||||
| Children: 18–27 mo, % (No.) | (n = 160) | (n = 87) | (n = 73) | (n = 84) | (n = 104) | (n = 100) | (n = 97) |
| Giardia duodenalis | 53 (85) | 52 (45) | 49 (36) | 55 (46) | 53 (55) | 48 (48) | 61 (59) |
| Cryptosporidium spp | 3 (5) | 7 (6) | 1 (1) | 6 (5) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 3 (4) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 3 (3) |
Abbreviations: N+WSH, combined nutrition, water treatment, sanitation, and handwashing; WSH, combined water treatment, sanitation, and handwashing.