Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample before and after the 16-weeks follow-up.
| PreHTN Pre | PreHTN Post | Δ | NTG Pre | NTG Post | Δ | PreHTN vs. NTG Baseline† | ΔPreHTN vs. ΔNTG Pre-post† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 44 | 40 | ||||||
| Age (y) | 35.2 ± 5.1 | 36.6 ± 5.8 | 0.572 | |||||
| Height (m) | 1.58 ± 5.6 | 1.59 ± 6.1 | ||||||
| Time elapsed from diagnosis (y) | 1.5 | 1.2 | ||||||
| Anthropometry | ||||||||
| Body mass (kg) | 79.8 ± 14.8 | 76.4 ± 14.1∗∗∗ | −3.3 ± 2.9& | 75.2 ± 12.3 | 73.2 ± 11.8∗∗∗ | −2.0 ± 2.5 | P = 0.131 | P = 0.091 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.9 ± 5.8 | 30.5 ± 5.7∗∗∗ | −1.4 ± 1.0 | 30.0 ± 6.6 | 29.5 ± 6.4∗ | −0.5 ± 1.9 | P = 0.182 | P = 0.167 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.5 ± 11 | 98.5 ± 12∗∗∗ | −2.9 ± 5.1& | 98.0 ± 10.7 | 93.8 ± 10.3∗∗∗ | −4.2 ± 2.9 | P = 0.145 | P = 0.037 |
| Tricipital skinfold (mm) | 26.7 ± 8.2 | 22.1 ± 6.6∗ | −4.6 ± 5.5 | 24.9 ± 7.2 | 20.1 ± 8.5∗ | −4.8 ± 5.1 | P = 0.234 | P = 0.233 |
| Supra-iliac skinfold (mm) | 34.5 ± 9.1 | 27.2 ± 8.8∗∗ | −7.3 ± 5.4 | 32.5 ± 6.2 | 26.9 ± 7.3∗∗ | −5.6 ± 5.0 | P = 0.189 | P = 0.246 |
| Abdominal skinfold (mm) | 44.9 ± 8.1 | 33.4 ± 9.8∗∗∗ | −11.5 ± 6.3¥ | 43.1 ± 7.2 | 35.5 ± 4.1∗∗∗ | −7.6 ± 5.9 | P = 0.156 | P < 0.001 |
| Fat mass (%) | 42.3 ± 6.8 | 36.5 ± 8.1∗∗∗ | −5.8 ± 6.2 | 40.6 ± 7.1 | 36.8 ± 8.4∗∗ | −3.8 ± 5.5 | P = 0.138 | P = 0.110 |
| Muscle mass (%) | 21.3 ± 7.5 | 21.5 ± 9.9 | +0.2 ± 1.5 | 22.4 ± 5.9 | 22.7 ± 9.4 | +0.3 ± 1.7 | P = 0.119 | P = 0.188 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.0 ± 6.0 | 120.0 ± 6.0∗∗∗ | −8.0 ± 7.0$ | 108.0 ± 5.0 | 111.0 ± 8.0 | +3.0 ± 9.8 | P = 0.003 | P < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85.0 ± 8.0 | 80.0 ± 10.0∗∗∗ | −5.8 ± 11.7¥ | 75.0 ± 10.0 | 73.0 ± 10.0 | −2.0 ± 4.9 | P = 0.007 | P < 0.001 |
| Heart rate rest (beats/min) | 84.0 ± 6.0 | 80.0 ± 8.0∗∗∗ | −4.0 ± 6.0 | 82.0 ± 6.0 | 80.0 ± 8.0 | −2.0 ± 5.0 | P = 0.078 | P = 0.079 |
| Metabolic | ||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 98.0 ± 9.0 | 95.0 ± 8.0∗ | −3.3 ± 9.0¥ | 95.0 ± 9.0 | 90.0 ± 7.0∗∗ | −5.0 ± 5.8 | P = 0.078 | P < 0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.0 ± 43.0 | 182.0 ± 33.0 | −8.0 ± 25.2 | 194.0 ± 32.0 | 180.0 ± 20.0∗∗ | −14.0 ± 29.6 | P = 0.652‡ | P = 0.062‡ |
| Low-density lipids (mg/dL) | 109.0 ± 37.0 | 106.0 ± 32.0 | −2.6 ± 18.7¥ | 120.0 ± 27.0 | 110.0 ± 20.0∗∗ | −10.0 ± 21.7 | P = 0.114 | P < 0.01 |
| High-density lipids (mg/dL) | 48.0 ± 11.0 | 53.0 ± 10.0∗∗ | 5.0 ± 6.6 | 53.0 ± 10.0 | 54.0 ± 9.0 | +1.0 ± 10.1 | P = 0.076 | P = 0.221 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 130.0 ± 61.0 | 117.0 ± 45.0∗ | −13.9 ± 30.9& | 133.0 ± 50.0 | 111.0 ± 32.0∗∗∗ | −22.0 ± 36.4 | P = 0.132 | P = 0.045 |
| Strength performance | ||||||||
| 1RMLE (kg) | 36.0 ± 7.0 | 39.0 ± 9.0 | +3.0 ± 4.0 | 33.0 ± 7.0 | 35.0 ± 8.0 | +2.0 ± 6.0 | P = 0.088 | P = 0.153 |
| Endurance performance | ||||||||
| 2KMWT (min.s) | 23.47 ± 3.2 | 19.33 ± 3.3∗∗∗ | −3.14 ± 3.44 | 23.11 ± 4.4 | 20.18 ± 4.5∗∗∗ | −3.34 ± 3.41 | P = 0.783‡ | P = 0.328‡ |
Results presented as mean ± SD. PreHTN, pre hypertensive group; NTG, normotensive group; Δ, delta pre-post changes according to each biological unit of assessment; 1RMLE, one maximum repetition of leg-extension strength test; 2KMWT, 2 kilometers walking test. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗P < 0.0001 post vs. pre intervention within-group. †Compared by the Student t-test. ‡Compared by the Wilcoxon non-parametric test. &P < 0.05, ¥P < 0.001, P < 0.0001 and $compared delta changes by student t-test. Bold values denotes significant differences at baseline or at pre-post changes at each specific value P < 0.05.