Table 1.

Integrative modeling frameworks for lymph node structures and processes.

Modeling framework	Structures and approachesa	Processes and modelsa	References
Continuous/deterministic	LN architecture 1. 2D or 3D lattice model 2. Image-based reconstruction models 3. Topology-based parameterized computational models 4. Graph theory models	Lymph flow 1. Navier-Stokes equation 2. Poiseuille equation 3. Darcy's law 4. Starling equation 5. Compartmental models Transfer of cytokines/chemokines 1. Reaction-diffusion PDEs 2. Pharmacokinetic models with ODEs or DDEs Cell population dynamics 1. ODEs 2. Compartmental models 3. Distributed parameter systems 4. Reaction-diffusion chemotaxis and haptotaxis PDEs	(23, 62–72)
Discrete/stochastic	FRC network 1. CPMs 2. Random network models Blood vascular networks 1. 3D imaging 2. Computational geometry	Cell motility 1. Physics-based models-dissipative particle dynamics based on Newton's second law of motion 2. Cellular Automata type models–CPMs or ABMs 3. Random walks models (Brownian-, Levy-, correlated walks)	(55, 59–61, 73–78)
Hybrid/multi-scale	2D (lattice-type) LN models integrated with compartmental models of the whole organism 3D anatomically resolved models of LN structures	Integrative dynamics of immune cells, humoral factors and antigens/pathogens using combination systems of ODEs, PDEs and ABM or CPM derived for single-scale processes in a computationally consistent manner	(79–84)

^aABM, Agent-based model; CPM, Cellular-Potts model; DDE, Delay differential equation; ODE, Ordinary differential equation; PDE, Partial differential equation.