Working model for the functions of VEGF-A in adipose tissue. Adipose-derived VEGF-A stimulates activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn promotes lipolysis and browning, ultimately leading to enhanced energy expenditure. DG, diacylglycerol; TG, triacylglycerol; MG, monoacylglycerol; MGL, monoglyceride lipase; FFA, free fatty acid; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase.