FIG 9.

Treatment with gp120 and Tat induces incomplete mitophagy. (A to E) Mitophagic flux was monitored using the p-mito-mRFP-EGFP reporter (pAT016). HPNs transiently expressing mito-mRFP-EGFP plasmid were treated with HIV gp120, Tat, or both for 24 h and then fixed and analyzed using confocal microscopy. Neurons were treated with 10 μM antimycin A for 24 h as a positive control for the induction of complete mitophagy. The diagram graphically demonstrates the change in fluorescence from no mitophagy (merge of green and red giving a yellow signal) to complete mitophagy (red). Scale bar, 10 μm.