Table 5.
Effect of exposure to some natural insecticides on kidney function biomarkers in experimental animals.
| Insecticide | Treatment | Dose mg/kg. b.wt. or animal/day |
Duration (days) |
Test animal | Sample | kidney function biomarkers | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrethrum | Oral | 170 | 90 | rat (♀, ♂) | kidney | - - - | [98] |
| Abamectin | Fed | 1.81, 0.181 | 30 | rat (♂) | serum | uric acidꜛ, creatinineꜛ | [78] |
| Abamectin | Oral | 3.802 | 14 | mice (♂) | serum | ureaꜛ, creatinineꜛ | [57] |
| Abamectin | Oral | 2.21, 11.05, 22.10 | 21 | rat (♀, ♂) | serum | uric acidꜛ, creatinineꜛ | [60] |
| Azadirachtin | Oral | 500, 1000, 1500 | 90 | rat (♂) | serum | uric acid, creatinine | [75] |
| Spinosad | Oral | 35, 350 | 28 | mice (♂) | serum | urea | [68] |
| Azadirachtin | Fed | 5, 25, 50 | rat (♀, ♂) | serum | urea, creatinine | [76] | |
| Spinosad | Oral | 0.02,9,37.38 | 8 weeks | rat (♂) | serum | uric acidꜜ | [91] |
| Bt (toxin) | Oral | 20 mg/100g | 21 | rat (♀, ♂) | kidney | kidney | [94] |
| Bt ( Cry1Ia12 toxin) | Diet | 0.1% | 10 | rat (♂) | kidney | urea nitrogen | [100] |
| Phosphine | inhalation | 1,5,10 ppm; 1.25, 2.5, 5 ppm | 4 14 |
rat (♀, ♂);mice (♀, ♂) | serum | urine nitrogenꜛ | [101] |
| Abamectin | Oral | 0.44, 0.87 | 4,8 weeks | rat (♂) | serum | ureaꜛ, uric acidꜛ, creatinineꜛ | [99] |
Male (♂), female (♀), increase “ꜛ”, decrease “ꜜ”, no change “without symbol”, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).