Figure 3.

Expression of bile salt receptors in the duodenal mucosa. Duodenal transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), pregnane X receptor (PXR), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and housekeeping gene vinculin protein expression is evaluated by Western blot. Results are normalized to the housekeeping protein, vinculin, and protein fold change is determined relative to the mean value of the control group. (a) Patients with functional dyspepsia display increased duodenal VDR protein expression compared to healthy volunteers (HVs). ((b) and (c)) Duodenal PXR and TGR5 expression does not differ significantly between patients and HVs. N = 25 for both groups; **p < 0.01. (d) Representative Western blot of six HVs and six patients with FD.