Table 1.

Summary of meta-analysis of the effect of probiotics on the eradication rate of HP.

Author	Trials	Probiotic	Result
Jian et al. [37]	8 RCT (n = 1372)	Lactobacilli + triple therapy	Pooled eradication rate Probiotic: 82.26% (95% CI = 78.01–86.51%) No probiotic: 76.97% (95% CI = 73.11–80.83%) OR = 1.78 (95% CI = 1.21–2.62)
Sachdeva and Nagpal [38]	10 RCT (n = 963)	Multistrain (fermented milk) + triple or quadruple therapy	Eradication rates were improved by approximately 5–15% OR = 1.91 (95% CI: 1.38–2.67)
Dang et al.[39]	33 RCT (n = 4459), 9 RCT for children, 24 RCT for adults	Probiotics + triple therapy or sequential therapy or quadruple therapy	The pooled eradication rate in probiotic supplementation groups was significantly higher than that in controls (RR = 1.122, 95% CI = 1.086–1.159)
Szajewska et al.[40]	9 RCT (adult, n = 1708) 2 RCT (children, n = 330)	Saccharomyces boulardii + triple therapy	Eradication rate (adult) Probiotic: 80.0% (95% CI = 77–82) No probiotic: 71.0% (95% CI = 68–74) RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06–1.17 Eradication rate (children) Probiotic: 87.5% No probiotic:77.2% RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03–1.25
Zhang et al. [41]	45 RCT (n = 6997)	Probiotics + standard therapy	Eradication rate Probiotic: 82.31% No probiotics: 72.08% (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.08–1.15) Side effects (RR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.48–0.71) Probiotic: 21.44% No probiotic: 36.27%
Wen et al. [42]	17 RCT in Asian pediatric patients (n = 1932)	Multistrain probiotics + 14-day triple therapy	Bifidobacterium infantis + Clostridium butyricum was most beneficial for eradication rates (RR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07–1.26)
Losurdo et al. [43]	7 RCT (n = 517)	Probiotic strain alone	The mean weighted eradication rate was 14% (95% CI = 2%–25%) Lactobacilli: 16% (95% CI: 1%–31%) Saccharomyces boulardii: 12% (95% CI: 0%–29%) Multistrain: 14% (95% CI: 0%–43%)