Table 2.

The polysaccharides isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum.

No.	Compound name	Molecular weight (Da)	Monosaccharide composition	Structures	Biological activities	Reference
1	GPMPP	3.67×104	Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1.39:3.76:1.00:1.64:4.98: 5.88		Antioxidant Immunomodulation	[13]
2	GPA1	1.96×104	Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal, Ara, Fuc in the ratio of 1:0.04:1.4: 0.9:1.3:2.6:2:0.2		Antioxidant	[4]
	GPA2	1.06×104	Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal, Xyl, Ara, Fuc in the ratio of 1:0.1: 2.2:1.8:2.2:2.6:0.2:1.9:0.2
	GPA3	6.7×103	Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal, Xyl, Ara, Fuc in the ratio of 1:0.6: 3.9:0.5:5.5:2.6:0.5:1.2:0.2
3	GPP1		Glc, Man, Gal, Rha, Ara in the ratio of10.0:9.9:5.1:2.5:2.4	Backbone composed of (1→6)-linked- Glcp, (1→6)-linked-Manp, (1→3,6)- linked-Galp, with braches attached to O-3 of some residues. Braches composed of (1→)-linked-Rhap residues and (1→)-linked-Araf residues	Neuroprotective effect	[41]
4	CGPP		Man, Glc, Ara, Rha, Gal, GlcA in the ratio of 2.0:2.2:1.3:2.2:1.2:2.5		Anticancer Immunomodulation	[20]
5	GPP-TL	9.3×103	Glc, Gal, Ara in the ratio of 43:5:1	Backbone composed of (1→4)-α-D-Glcp, (1→4)-β-D-Galp, (1→4,6)-α-D-Glcp, with braches attached to O-6 of some residues. Braches composed of (1→)-α-D-Glcp	Antioxidant	[9]
6	GPS-3	9.1×103	Rha, Xyl, Ara, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 1.75:1.00:8.70:3.07:5.79	α-configuration and β-configuration	Hepatoprotective activity Antitumor	[49, 50]
	GPS-2	1.07×104	Rha, Xyl in the ratio of 1:12.25	α-configuration
7	GPP1-a		Ara, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 0.18: 0.72:1.00	β-configuration	Antioxidant	[60]
	GPP2-b		Ara, Rib, Xyl, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 0.38:0.64:0.97:1.26:1.00	β-configuration
	GPP3-a		Rib, Fru, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 1.62:0.54:0.49:1.00	α-configuration
8	GP-I	9.3×104	Glc, Gal, Man, Rha, Ara in the ratio of 5.3: 4.2: 3.0: 0.7: 0.8		Anticancer	[43]
9	GP-B1	7.9×104	Gal, Ara, Man, Rha, Xyl, Glc, GalA, GlcA in the ratio of 3.5:3.2: 0.6:0.9:0.3:0.5:0.6:0.4		Antitumor	[42]
	GP-C1	1.26×105	Gal, Ara, Man, Rha, Glc, GlcA in the ratio of 2.1:1.0:0.3:0.5:0.4:0.9
10	GPP2-s1	1.12×104		C-6 position and C-2 position	Antitumor	[19]
11	GPP1-a	8.92×104	Ara, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 0.18:0.72:1.00	Backbone composed of (1→4)-α-D- Glcp, with braches attached to O-6 of some residues. Braches composed of (1→6)-α-D-Glcp, (1→3)-β-D-Galp, (1→6)-α-D-Galp, and terminated with (1→)-β-D-Galp and (1→)-β-L-Araf. α-configuration.	Anti-fatigue activity	[22]
	GPP2-b	1.975×105	Ara, Rib, Xyl, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 0.38:0.64:0.97:1.26:1.00	α-configuration
	GPP3-a	2.536×105	Rib, Fru, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 1.62:0.54:0.49:1.00	α-configuration
12	PSGP		Gal, Ara, Rha, GalA, Xyl, Man, GlcA in the ratio of 18.9: 10.5:7.7: 4.7:3.9:3.1:1.2		Immunomodulation	[61]
13	GPP-S	1.2×106	Rha, Ara, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1:3.72:19.49:7.82	Backbone composed of (1→4)-linked- Glcp and (1→6)-linked-Galp, Braches composed of (1→4,6)-α-D-Glcp and terminated with (1→)-linked-Araf residues	Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory	[18]
14	GM		Glc, Gal, Man, Fru in the ratio of 1.54:3.05:1.00:1.10		Antioxidant	[62]
	GMA	9.4×104	Glc, Fru in the ratio of 11.45:1.00
	GMB	1.2×105	Glc, Gal, Man in the ratio of 1.30:1.31:1.00
	GMC	7.2×104	Glc, Gal, Man, Fru in the ratio of 1.00:2.17:1.25:1.02
15	GPP	7.1×103	Man, Glc, Gal, Ara, in the ratio of 1.00:77.33:4.81:1.83.	Backbone composed of (1→4)-α-D- Glcp, with braches attached to O-6 of some residues. Braches composed of (1→4, 6)-α-D-Glcp, and terminated with (1→) -α-D-Glcp residues	Antioxidant	[15]
16	GPM1	2.0×105	Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1.78:1.99:1.00:1.11:6.00:6.89		Antioxidant	[38]
	GPM2	1.67×105	Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 3.23:7.70:1.00:2.29:2.88: 14.82
17	GPI		Glc, GalA, Man, Ara, Rha, Gal, Xyl in the ratio of 6.81:7.19:13.19: 33.86:6.77:8.13:3.46	furan structure	Antioxidant	[59]
18	GPP	2.52×106	Man, GlcA, Gal, Xyl, Rha	α-configuration	Antioxidant	[53]