Table 3.

Summary of theories reported in articles by direction of change in behaviour frequency

Theories/models applied to increase or decrease frequency of behaviour	Target: increasing frequency	Target: decreasing frequency	Different directions theorised differently?
Operant Learning Theory	Yes	Yes	Yes
Implementation Intention	Yes	Yes	No*
Social Cognitive Theory	Yes	Yes	No*
Disconnected Value Model	Yes	Yes	No*
Self-Affirmation Theory	Yes	Yes	No*
Self-Determination Theory	Yes	Yes	No*
Theory of Planned Behaviour	Yes	Yes	No*
Theory of Reasoned Action	Yes	Yes	No*
Temporal Self-Regulation Theory	Yes	Yes	No*
Information-Motivation-Behaviour Skills Modela	Yes	Yes	No*
Deterrent Theory	No	Yes	N/A
Control Theory	Yes	No	N/A
Goal-Setting Theory	Yes	No	N/A
Health Action Process Approach	Yes	No	N/A
Health Belief Model	Yes	No	N/A
Protection Motivation Theory	Yes	No	N/A

^aModels/theories identified from scoping review

*Proposed decreasing an undesired behaviour by attempting to increase a substitute behaviour