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. 2018 Oct 29;37:261. doi: 10.1186/s13046-018-0929-6

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — The effects of flavonoids in Jurkat cell-mediated A375 killing assays. a A375 cells were treated with DMSO, curcumin, or apigenin in the presence of IFN-γ (10 ng/ml) for 24 h, before cocultured with activated PD-1 expressing Jurkat T cells with effector to target ratios of 10:1 and 20:1. After 72 h of incubation, surviving tumor cells in 12-well plate were stained by crystal violet and imaged. Relative intensities of surviving cells are shown in the right chart, with IFN-γ-treated sample (10:1 group) set to be 100%. b and c cell killing assays were set up as described above in a 96-well plate. The cytotoxicity of T cells against A375 cells at an effector to target ratio of 10:1 was analyzed using an LDH detection assay kit (percentages calculated as per kit instruction) and remaining cell viability was assessed by MTT assay (control sample set to be 100%). d secreted IL-2 from Jurkat-mediated A375 killing assays was measured using supernatants from cocultures by an IL-2 ELISA kit. Data are represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01)