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. 2018 Oct 23;9:2419. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02419

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Overview of the effects of the dietary intervention with GOS combined with glucocorticosteroid budesonide treatment. After the initial exposure to HDM mMCP-1 is released by mast cells, and IL-33 is known to be secreted by the airway epithelium, which can also activate mast cells as well as DC and ILC2. Combination of the GOS diet with budesonide treatment reduced mMCP-1 and IL-33 concentrations. CCL17 and CCL22 are secreted by activated DC, which can differentiate naïve T cells into Th2 cells and are chemo-attractants for Th2 cells. The combination therapy significant suppressed the production of both chemokines. Th2 cells as well as ILC2 and mast cells are able to produce IL-13. Concentrations of IL-13 were reduced after the treatment of both GOS and budesonide. The number of lymphocytes and eosinophils was decreased by treatment with budesonide, whereas GOS alone suppressed the number of eosinophils. The combination of dietary GOS with budesonide treatment effectively suppressed both leukocyte subtypes. Only dietary intervention with GOS in combination with budesonide tended to suppress the Th2 and Th17 frequency in lung cell suspensions. Small arrows, tendency to reduce; big arrows, significant reduced.