Table 1.

Possible reactions in response to a challenging or upsetting patient situation

Emotion	Manifested as
Frustration	Exhaustion/fatigue
Anger	Insomnia
Sadness	Withdrawal; frequent absenteeism
Grief	Withdrawal; inappropriate humor
Anxiety	Headaches; GI distress
PTSD	Hyperarousal (e.g., irritability, difficulty concentrating, startled reactions); avoidance; re-experiencing the traumatic event (e.g., nightmares or flashbacks)

Definition of abbreviations: GI = gastrointestinal; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.

Partially adapted from Reference 2 and Reference 3.