Table 1.

Applications of Tumor Chip Technology

Disease modeling	Drug Screening	Personalized Medicine
•Metastasis modeling	•PK-PD modeling	•Incorporation of primary cells
•Invasion/intravasation	•Absorption	•Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells
•Survival/dormaney	•Distribution	•Adult tissue resident stem cells
•Extravasation	•Metabolism	•Biopsy-, blood- or tissue-derived cells
•Metastatic niche	•Excretion	•Cancer stem cells
•Epithelial-mesenchymal transition	•Toxicity	•Patient-derived organoids
•Tumor heterogeneity/evolution	•High-throughput designs	•Genetically modified cells
•Mechanical forces	•Efficacy testing	•Integration with Big Data
•Tumor-ECM interactions	•Novel compound validation	‘Omics’ signatures/readouts
•Tumor-stromal interactions	•Tumor resistance/sensitivity	•Genome wide association studies (GWAS)
•Organ-specific microenvironments	•Mechanistic studies	•Computational modeling
•Immuno-oncology studies		•Biomarker discovery/validation
•Species-specific models		•Individualized trials-on-chip
		•Tailored clinical management