Table 2.
Predictors of Hypertension by two separate definitions among Bangladeshi adults, 2015 (n = 1843)
| Total | 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension definition | Joint National Committee (JNC) 7 Guidelines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension prevalence (%)a | 95% CI | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | Hypertension prevalence (%)c | 95% CI | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
| 40.7 | 38.5–43.0 | 17.9 | 16.2–19.7 | |||
| Characteristic | ||||||
| Area | ||||||
| Urban | 48.0 | 44.3–51.8 | Ref. | 23.2 | 20.1–26.5 | Ref. |
| Rural | 36.1 | 33.3–38.9 | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 14.6 | 12.5–16.7 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 43.4 | 40.1–46.7 | Ref. | 16.4 | 14.0–18.9 | Ref. |
| Female | 38.3 | 35.2–41.4 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 19.3 | 16.9–22.0 | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 28.2 | 24.2–32.4 | Ref. | 7.1 | 4.9–9.7 | Ref. |
| 30–44 | 39.8 | 36.0–43.6 | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 15.8 | 13.2–18.8 | 2.3 (1.5–3.6) |
| 45–59 | 49.8 | 45.1–54.4 | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | 25.4 | 21.5–29.7 | 4.2 (2.7–6.5) |
| ≥60 | 51.9 | 45.2–58. 5 | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) | 31.6 | 25.7–38.0 | 4.7 (2.9–7.7) |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Professional employmentd | 48.2 | 42.2–54.2 | Ref. | 19.6 | 15.2–24.8 | Ref. |
| Unemployed/retired | 64.3 | 53.9–73.7 | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 44.9 | 34.8–55.3 | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) |
| Industrial worker/Day Laborer | 32.5 | 28.3–36.9 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 8.9 | 6.5–11.8 | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) |
| Housewife | 39.8 | 36.3–43.4 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 20.3 | 17.5–23.3 | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
| Othere | 41.8 | 35.4–48.4 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 15.1 | 10.7–20.4 | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) |
| Wealth index f | ||||||
| 1st Wealth quartile | 38.6 | 33.9–43.5 | Ref. | 16.9 | 13.4–20.9 | Ref. |
| 2nd Wealth quartile | 37.1 | 33.0–41.4 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 15.3 | 12.4–18.6 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| 3rd Wealth quartile | 44.3 | 39.5–49.1 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 19.3 | 15.7–23.3 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
| 4th Wealth quartile | 43.5 | 38.9–48.2 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 20.6 | 16.9–24.6 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Vigorous | 36.2 | 33.6–38.9 | Ref. | 13.5 | 11.7–15.6 | Ref. |
| Moderate | 48.2 | 43.6–52.7 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 24.5 | 20.9–28.6 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) |
| Low | 66.7 | 55.7–76.4 | 2.3 (1.3–4.1) | 45.9 | 35.2–57.0 | 2.8 (1.5–5.3) |
| Tobacco use g | ||||||
| Never | 39.1 | 35.8–42.4 | Ref. | 16.6 | 14.2–19.3 | Ref. |
| Current use | 40.4 | 37.1–43.4 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 18.0 | 15.5–20.8 | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) |
| Past use | 53.2 | 44.6–61.7 | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 25.2 | 18.2–33.2 | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) |
| Body mass index h | ||||||
| Normal (≤25) | 34.9 | 32.5–37.5 | Ref. | 13.9 | 12.2–15.8 | Ref. |
| Overweight (25.1–30) | 60.4 | 54.9–65.8 | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 29.9 | 24.9–35.2 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) |
| Obese (>30) | 71.0 | 58.8–81.3 | 2.6 (1.4–4.8) | 46.4 | 34.3–58.8 | 2.7 (1.5–4.9) |
| Waist cirumference (cm) | ||||||
| Normal (<90 cm M, <80 cm F) | 32.9 | 30.4–35.6 | Ref. | 11.5 | 9.8–13.4 | Ref. |
| Abdominally obese (≥90 cm M, ≥80 cm F) | 59.1 | 54.9–63.3 | 1.9 (1.5–2.6) | 33.0 | 29.1–37.1 | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) |
| Diabetesi | ||||||
| No | 38.6 | 36.3–40.9 | Ref. | 15.6 | 13.9–17.4 | Ref. |
| Yes | 78.2 | 68.9–85.8 | 3.0 (1.8–2.6) | 57.4 | 47.2–67.2 | 3.4 (2.1–5.6) |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, Ref referent category
aDefined based on the ACC/AHA 2017 Hypertension Clinical Guidelines of systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg
bModel adjusted for all variables included in table: area, sex, age, occupation, wealth index, physical activity, tobacco use, body mass index, waist circumference, and diabetes diagnosis
cDefined based on the Joint National Committee (JNC) 7 Guidelines blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg
dProfessional occupation includes: field staff, police officer, guard, doctor, engineer, professional, business man, desk job
eOther occupation includes: shop keeper, weavers, driver, student, beggar, cook, carpenter, tailor, migrant workers and fishermen
fWealth index was calculated using principal component analysis using data collected on household ownership of the following items: electricity, flushable toilet, land phone, cell phone, television, radio, refrigerator, private car, motor cycle, washing machine, bicycle, sewing machine, almirah/wardrobe, table, bed, chair/bench, watch/clock, as well as, type of main material used to build their homes roof, walls and floor
gIncludes both smokeless tobacco and smoke tobacco
hBody mass index (BMI) calculated by weight in kilogram divided by height in meter squared
iDiabetes is defined as a blood glucose level of ≥11.0 mmol/l