Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort across frailty groups.
| All (N = 205) | Frail (N = 59) | Pre-frail (N = 85) | Robust (N = 61) | p | p.adj | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC | ||||||
| Female gender, no. (%) | 128 (62.4) | 39 (66.1) | 54 (63.5) | 35 (57.4) | 0.5937 | 0.7050 |
| Age, yr | 73.3 ± 5.3 | 75.1 ± 5.6 | 72.9 ± 5.1 | 72.1 ± 5.0 | 0.0048 | 0.0304 |
| Age ≥ 75yr, no. (%) | 80 (39.0) | 31 (52.5) | 30 (35.3) | 19 (31.1) | 0.0403 | 0.1299 |
| Currently employed, no. (%) | 20 (9.8) | 5 (8.4) | 8 (9.4) | 7 (11.4) | 0.8726 | 0.9211 |
| Past or present smoker, no. (%) | 40 (19.5) | 10 (16.9) | 18 (21.2) | 12 (19.7) | 0.7923 | 0.8855 |
| Marital (Single/Divorced/Widowed), no. (%) | 71 (34.6) | 25 (42.4) | 30 (35.2) | 16 (26.2) | 0.1760 | 0.3646 |
| Living alone | 41 (20.0) | 13 (22.0) | 15 (17.6) | 13 (21.3) | 0.7764 | 0.9012 |
| PHYSICAL HEALTH STATUS | ||||||
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 3.6 | 22.9 ± 3.8 | 24.2 ± 3.7 | 23.8 ± 3.1 | 0.0841 | 0.3196 |
| Bone Mineral Density, g/cm2 | ||||||
| Spine | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.85 ± 0.19 | 0.90 ± 0.20 | 0.93 ± 0.16 | 0.0795 | 0.2034 |
| Neck | 0.76 ± 0.14 | 0.70 ± 0.15 | 0.77 ± 0.13 | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 0.0038 | 0.0276 |
| Pelvis | 0.94 ± 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.97 ± 0.14 | 0.0062 | 0.0300 |
| Sarcopenia, no. (%) | 82 (40.0) | 32 (60.4) | 29 (35.8) | 21 (37.5) | 0.0132 | 0.0525 |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)† | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1627 | 0.3630 |
| SF-12 Physical Composite Score (PCS)† | 46.6 ± 5.4 | 46.0 ± 6.2 | 46.1 ± 5.0 | 47.5 ± 5.2 | 0.2716 | 0.4712 |
| Time spent sitting, hours/day | 7.1 ± 2.7 | 9.0 ± 2.5 | 6.9 ± 2.6 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | 5.3e-14 | 1.5e-12 |
| COMORBIDITIES | ||||||
| High blood pressure, no. (%) | 113 (55.1) | 29 (49.2) | 51 (60.0) | 33 (54.1) | 0.4370 | 0.6387 |
| High cholesterol, no. (%) | 119 (58.0) | 35 (59.3) | 49 (57.6) | 35 (57.4) | 0.9671 | 0.9671 |
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 37 (18.0) | 15 (25.4) | 16 (18.8) | 6 (9.8) | 0.0782 | 0.3196 |
| Arthritis, no. (%) | 30 (14.6) | 12 (20.3) | 11 (12.9) | 7 (11.4) | 0.3537 | 0.5260 |
| Poor sleep (PSQI > 5), no. (%) | 57 (27.8) | 19 (32.2) | 24 (28.2) | 14 (22.9) | 0.3990 | 0.5260 |
| Comorbidities ≥ 3, no. (%) | 63 (30.7) | 21 (35.6) | 28 (32.9) | 14 (22.9) | 0.2762 | 0.4712 |
| MENTAL HEALTH STATUS | ||||||
| Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) score | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 25.1 ± 3.8 | 25.9 ± 2.8 | 0.1890 | 0.3654 |
| Mini mental state examination (MMSE) score† | 27.4 ± 2.6 | 26.4 ± 3.6 | 27.7 ± 2.1 | 28.0 ± 2.0 | 0.0016 | 0.0285 |
| Geriatric depression scale (GDS) score§ | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.7 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.0030 | 0.0285 |
| Life satisfaction score below 60%, no. (%) | 46 (22.4) | 16 (27.1%) | 24 (28.2) | 6 (9.8) | 0.0145 | 0.0526 |
| SF-12 Mental Composite Score (MCS)† | 49.3 ± 6.2 | 48.3 ± 6.5 | 49.6 ± 6.1 | 49.8 ± 6.0 | 0.3952 | 0.6275 |
| SEROLOGICAL STATUS | ||||||
| Cytomegalovirus, positive no. (%) | 201 (98) | 58 (98.3) | 82 (96.5) | 61 (100) | 0.3063 | 0.4935 |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EA IgG), positive no. (%) | 27 (13.2) | 7 (11.9) | 11 (12.9) | 9 (14.8) | 0.5250 | 0.6650 |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBNA IgG), positive no. (%) | 203 (99) | 58 (98.3) | 85 (100) | 60 (98.4) | 0.5122 | 0.6650 |
| CD4:CD8 T cell ratio (Day 0) | 2.42 ± 1.47 | 2.64 ± 1.76 | 2.33 ± 1.36 | 2.32 ± 1.29 | 0.3963 | 0.5260 |
†
High score indicates good health;
§
High score indicates poor health; Values shown are either actual numbers or mean ± sd..