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. 2018 Oct 30;8:16070. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34309-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Upregulation of apoptosis marker gene transcripts in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes by APAP-derived exosomes. (a) 13 mRNA transcripts were upregulated by > 1.5-fold in HepG2 cells treated with APAP-derived exosomes compared with untreated cells (n = 4/sample). (b,c) Relative expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, and TNF-α mRNA transcripts in HepG2 cells (b) or primary hepatocytes (c) after 24 h incubation with APAP-derived exosomes (n = 8/sample). Real-time PCR analysis, determined by the comparative Ct method and normalized using the values of control set at 1, indicating significant differences between exosome-treated cells and untreated groups. *P < 0.05.