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. 2018 Oct 30;8:15986. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33577-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of anesthetics: MS-222 alone and MS-222/isoflurane combination and prolonged sedation with combined formula on heart rate. (A) MS-222 reduced the heart rate to 108 ± 16 bpm, whereas the combined formula maintained a normal heart rate of 148 ± 15 bpm. After 10 minutes, the combined-formula group had an average heart rate of 131 ± 19 bpm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. n = 9 in the MS-222-only group; n = 10 in the combined formula group. (B) The combined-formula group maintained a normal heart rate of 148 ± 14 bpm. After 10 minutes, the combined-formula group had an average heart rate 131 ± 9 bpm. Paired t-tests showed no significant difference between one minute and 5 minutes and significant differences between the 1- to 10-minute, 20-minute and 30-minute measurements of the combined-formula anesthetic. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. n = 10; *indicates p < 0.05, **indicates p < 0.001 as determined by paired t-tests.