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. 2018 Oct 30;8:16061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34390-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) shows bacteria rRNA in the epithelium of biofilm exposed RHG. Tissue staining of paraffin embedded sections are shown. The right panel shows a higher magnification of insert shown in the left panel (dashed square). Bacteria rRNA (red) are observed distributed within the epithelium, indicating that bacteria have penetrated from the surface into the keratinocytes of the epithelial layer of RHG. Epithelial keratinocyte nuclei are stained with DAPI (Blue).