Table 3.
Associations Between Prenatal Exposures and Cumulative DNA Methylation at Birth
| Prenatal environment | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal depression 18 weeks | Maternal depression 32 weeks | Maternal anxiety 18 weeks | Maternal anxiety 32 weeks | Smoking (number per day, months 1 through 3) | Smoking (number per day last 2 weeks) | Poverty | Teen pregnancy | |
| Cum DNA methylation: ODD | −0.041 | −0.007 | −0.002 | −0.040 |
0.087 p = .025 |
0.09242 p = .017 |
0.315 | 0.027 |
| Cum DNA methylation: headstrong | 0.043 | 0.046 |
0.116 p = .005 |
0.051 |
0.094 p = .016 |
0.118 p = .002 |
0.001 |
0.100 p = .011 |
Cum = cumulative; p = statistical probability; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder.