Table 5.
Associations Between Country Income Level and Trial Endpoints (referent group = lower-middle income)
| Hazard ratio or odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Models | ||||
| Endpoint | Unadjusted | Base* | Base + Region† | Base + Region + Full‡ |
| 180-day all-cause death | ||||
| High | 1.33 (0.87–2.03), p=0.190 | 1.24 (0.74–2.08), p=0.405 | 1.04 (0.54–2.02), p=0.906 | 1.13 (0.61–2.10), p=0.702 |
| Upper-middle | 1.30 (0.85–2.00), p=0.224 | 1.32 (0.79–2.19), p=0.292 | 1.24 (0.64–2.39), p=0.522 | 1.13 (0.61–2.10), p=0.701 |
| Per $10,000 increase | 1.00 (0.92–1.09), p=0.974 | 0.98 (0.89–1.07), p=0.597 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06), p=0.231 | 1.00 (0.87–1.16), p=0.965 |
| 30-day all-cause death or hospitalization for heart failure | ||||
| High | 1.49 (0.85–2.59), p=0.164 | 1.53 (0.84–2.80), p=0.164 | 1.23 (0.74–2.05), p=0.416 | 1.41 (0.74–2.66), p=0.294 |
| Upper-middle | 1.46 (0.84–2.54), p=0.181 | 1.56 (0.86–2.82), p=0.142 | 1.95 (1.09–3.47), p=0.023 | 1.70 (0.87–3.33), p=0.122 |
| Per $10,000 increase | 1.01 (0.91–1.13), p=0.819 | 1.00 (0.89–1.13), p=0.947 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15), p=0.729 | 1.06 (0.90–1.26), p=0.473 |
| 30-day all-cause death or rehospitalization | ||||
| High | 1.98 (1.23–3.19), p=0.005 | 2.11 (1.25–3.58), p=0.005 | 1.54 (1.01–2.33), p=0.043 | 1.70 (1.02–2.85), p=0.042 |
| Upper-middle | 1.48 (0.91–2.39), p=0.112 | 1.61 (0.95–2.73), p=0.076 | 2.32 (1.42–3.79), p=0.001 | 2.16 (1.23–3.81), p=0.008 |
| Per $10,000 increase | 1.10 (1.01–1.21), p=0.034 | 1.10 (1.00–1.22), p=0.044 | 1.07 (0.94–1.23), p=0.307 | 1.13 (0.99–1.29), p=0.076 |
| Persistent dyspnea at 6 hours§ | ||||
| High | 1.04 (0.60–1.80), p=0.897 | 0.97 (0.55–1.72), p=0.929 | 1.16 (0.68–1.99), p=0.589 | 1.08 (0.62–1.89), p=0.790 |
| Upper-middle | 0.98 (0.56–1.72), p=0.957 | 0.93 (0.52–1.64), p=0.794 | 1.18 (0.69–2.00), p=0.552 | 1.13 (0.65–1.96), p=0.668 |
| Per $10,000 increase | 1.00 (0.91–1.10), p=0.986 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09), p=0.852 | 0.96 (0.85–1.09), p=0.527 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12), p=0.868 |
| Persistent dyspnea at 24 hours§ | ||||
| High | 1.37 (0.79–2.39), p=0.260 | 1.22 (0.69–2.15), p=0.490 | 1.57 (0.91–2.68), p=0.103 | 1.56 (0.88–2.76), p=0.126 |
| Upper-middle | 1.02 (0.58–1.79), p=0.937 | 0.92 (0.52–1.62), p=0.771 | 1.39 (0.83–2.34), p=0.215 | 1.39 (0.80–2.41), p=0.244 |
| Per $10,000 increase | 1.06 (0.96–1.17), p=0.238 | 1.05 (0.94–1.16), p=0.391 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19), p=0.549 | 1.07 (0.93–1.22), p=0.366 |
For 180-day all-cause death, data represent hazard ratios; for all other outcomes, data represent odds ratios.
Adjusted for age, sex, and race.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, and geographic region.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, geographic region, body mass index, prior heart failure hospitalization in past 1 year, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, serum sodium, smoking status, presence of nocturnal dyspnea, presence of elevated jugular venous pulsation, cerebrovascular disease, history of depression, and background medications (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin II receptor blocker, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist).
Persistent dyspnea was defined as a binary outcome using a self-reported 7-point categorical Likert scale as any of the following responses: as markedly worse, moderately worse, minimally worse, no change, or minimally better.