Table 3.
Selected characteristics of the study sample at the 22-year visit: mental health, human capital, body composition and precursors of complex chronic diseases variables (N = 3810)
| Variable | N | Men | Women | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health | ||||
| Common mental disorders, % (95% CI) | 3784 | 19.6 (17.7; 21.4) | 24.1 (22.2; 26.0) | 0.001 |
| Major depressive episode (with impairment), % (95% CI) | 3781 | 1.4 (0.8; 1.9) | 4.2 (3.3; 5,0) | < 0.001 |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with impairment), % (95% CI) | 3780 | 4.1 (3.2; 5.0) | 4.8 (3.9; 5.7) | 0.282 |
| Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale,a mean (95% CI) | 3515 | 53.1 (52.6; 53.5) | 50.0 (49.5; 50.4) | < 0.001* |
| Human capital | ||||
| Achieved schooling (complete years), mean (95% CI) | 3805 | 9.3 (9.2; 9.5) | 10.1 (10.0;10.2) | < 0.001* |
| Employed, % (95% CI) | 3810 | 73.5 (71.4; 75.5) | 53.9 (51.7; 56.0) | < 0.001 |
| Body composition/anthropometry | ||||
| Fat mass percentage (BodPod), mean (95% CI) | 3559 | 20.9 (20.4; 21.3) | 35.8 (35.4; 36.2) | < 0.001* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (95% CI) | 3559 | 25.0 (24.8; 25.2) | 25.5 (25.2; 25.7) | 0.008* |
| Prevalence of overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), % (95% CI) | 3559 | 29.6 (27.5; 31.81) | 24.6 (22.6; 26.5) | < 0.001 |
| Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), % (95% CI) | 3559 | 13.5 (11.8; 15.1) | 18.7 (16.9; 20.4) | < 0.001 |
| Precursors of chronic disease | ||||
| Prevalence of tobacco smoking, % (95% CI) | 3805 | 20.3 (18.4; 22.1) | 13.7 (12.2; 15.2) | < 0.001 |
| Physical inactivitya (< 150 min/week), % (95% CI) | 3797 | 25.6 (23.6; 27.6) | 42.7 (40.5; 44.8) | < 0.001 |
| Poor sleep quality (PSQI scale ≥ 6), % (95% CI) | 3796 | 40.4 (38.1; 42.7) | 47.8 (45.6; 49.9) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressureb (mm Hg), mean (95% CI) | 3589 | 131.6 (131.0; 132.2) | 116.9 (116.4; 117.4) | < 0.001* |
| Diastolic blood pressureb (mmHg), mean (95% CI) | 3591 | 73.8 (73.4; 74.2) | 72.4 (72.0; 72.8) | < 0.001* |
| Forced expiratory volume in first second (L), mean (95% CI) | 3509 | 4.12 (4.09; 4.16) | 3.00 (2.98; 3.02) | < 0.001* |
| Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (ml/min/mm Hg), mean (95% CI) | 2741 | 32.9 (32.6; 33.2) | 21.7 (21.5; 21.9) | < 0.001* |
PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CI, confidence interval.
aTotal physical activity = leisure + commuting.
bMean between two valid measures.
P-values by chi square test, except *P-values by t-test.