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. 2018 Jun 1;47(5):1538–1548. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy092

Table 2.

Risk of type 1 diabetes in offspring according to acetaminophen use during pregnancy and early childhood in the MoBa cohort

Cases n = 336a Incidence rate/100 000b Unadjusted
 Adjustedc
HR 95% CI P-value aHR 95% CI P-value
Use during pregnancy
No 165 30.9 Ref. Ref
Yes 171 37.4 1.22 0.98–1.51 0.08 1.22 0.97–1.53 0.08
Number of days usedd
  No days 160 31.2 Ref. Ref.
  1 day 43 36.1 1.16 0.83–1.63 0.38 1.21 0.86–1.71 0.27
  2-4 days 43 35.9 1.16 0.82–1.63 0.40 1.23 0.87–1.74 0.25
  >5 days more days 36 32.6 1.05 0.73–1.52 0.77 1.02 0.70–1.50 0.92
Per day of use 1.00 0.99–1.01 0.93 1.00 0.98–1.01 0.31
Period of use
  Early (<17 weeks) 61 38.1 1.24 0.92–1.67 0.17 1.27 0.93–1.73 0.13
  Late (>17 weeks) 40 36.0 1.17 0.83–1.66 0.37 1.13 0.79–1.62 0.51
  Both periods 70 37.5 1.22 0.92–1.63 0.17 1.23 0.92–1.66 0.17
Child use 0-18 months of age n = 286
No 109 36.3 Ref. Ref.
Yes 217 38.4 1.02 0.78–1.33 0.88 0.98 0.74–1.28 0.86
Number of episodese
No use 79 37.6 Ref. Ref.
  1 episode 43 37.2 0.99 0.68–1.44 0.95 0.95 0.65–1.40 0.80
  2 episodes 52 38.1 1.01 0.71–1.44 0.94 0.99 0.69–1.41 0.94
  3 episodes 42 39.5 1.05 0.72–1.53 0.79 1.02 0.69–1.49 0.93
  4 or more episodes 60 38.2 1.03 0.73–1.44 0.87 0.96 0.67–1.37 0.82
Per episode 1.01 0.93–1.09 0.96 0.99 0.92–1.06 0.78
Period of use
 No use 103 34.9 Ref. Ref.
 0-6 months of age 47 41.3 1.15 0.72–1.82 0.56 1.15 0.72–1.82 0.57
 6-18 months of age 111 41.1 1.14 0.85–1.54 0.38 1.09 0.80–1.48 0.58
 0-18 months 65 34.9 0.98 0.70–1.37 0.90 0.93 0.66–1.32 0.70
a

Not all participants had complete data on all exposures, so totals in the groups do not necessarily add up to 336.

b

Risk presented as incidence proportion (cumulative incidence) of type 1 diabetes during follow-up.

c

Hazard ratios estimated through Cox regression adjusted for child’s sex, maternal age and parity, maternal type 1 diabetes, smoking in pregnancy, education level, pre-pregnancy BMI, prematurity, birthweight, infections and antibiotic use.

d

Range 0–280, missing = 9297. The estimates presented are days of use as a categorical variable (1 day, 2-4 days or ≥ 5 days) and as a continuous variable (per day of use), with no use as reference.

e

A count of child’s reported acetaminophen use (reported at 0-6, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-18 months of life), irrespective of days used. The estimates presented are number of episodes as a categorical variable (one, two, three, four episodes or more) and as a continuous variable (per episode), with no episodes as reference.