Table 4.
TGF-β target genes that have been associated with asthma and eosinophilic diseases.
| Symbol | Description | Major function and implication in Asthma |
|---|---|---|
| ADRB2 | Adrenoceptor beta 2, surface | A member of the adrenergic receptor group of G protein-coupled receptor; mediate catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase; associated with nocturnal asthma |
| AHR | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor | A transcription factor; mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons; regulate cell cycle; associated with eosinophilic fascilitis. |
| CACNG6 | Calcium channel, gamma subunit 6 | A voltage-dependent calcium channel; associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma |
| CD244 | Natural killer cell receptor 2B4 | A cell surface receptor; modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity and leukocyte activation; involved in the allergic asthma |
| CD69 | CD69 molecule | A member of calcium dependent lectin superfamily of type II transmembrane receptors; involved in lymphocyte proliferation and activation; implicated in the allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. |
| CLC | Charcot-Leyden crystal galectin | An enzyme which acts on membranes to regulate multifunctional lysophospholipids; regulates immune response; essential for the anergy and suppressive function of Treg; associate with some myeloid leukemias; Involved in the recruitment of immune cells in chronic asthma. |
| FAS | Fas cell surface death receptor | A membe of the TNF-receptor superfamily; regulates programmed cell death; implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of immune system; transduce proliferating signals in fibroblasts and T cells; important in eosinophil and T lymphocyte apoptosis in allergic asthma. |
| HRH4 | Histamine receptor H4 | Play a role in inflammation and allergy response; mediates chemotaxis of mast cells and eosinophils; controls cytokine release from dendritic and T cells; play a role in the differentiation of myeloblasts and promyelocytes; likely influence the pathogenesis of infection-induced asthma. |
| ICAM1 | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 | A cell surface glycoprotein; ligand for leukocyte adhesion protein LFA-1; play a role during leukocyte trans-endothelial migration; receptor for rhinovirus; binds to integrins of type CD11a/CD18 or CD11b/CD18; associated with childhood asthma. |
| IDO1 | Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 | Play a role in antimicrobial and antitumor defense, neuropathology, immunoregulation and antioxidant activity; modulates T-cell behavior; immunomodulator in allergy and asthma. |
| IL18RAP | IL18 receptor accessory protein | Enhances IL18-bining activity of the IL18 receptor; mediates IL18-dependent activation of NF-kappa-B and JNK; polymorphisms of the gene were associated with asthma and atopy. |
| IL1RL1 | Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 | A receptor for IL33; likely involved in the function of helper T cells; genetic variation of the gene was associated with asthma pathophysiology. |
| IL5RA | Interleukin 5 receptor, alpha | An IL5-specific subunit of a heterodimeric cytokine receptor; binds IL5 and mediate its signaling; contribute to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma; the receptor mediated signaling is important in maintaining the survival and funcions of B cells and eosinophils. |
| IRF5 | Interferon regulatory factor 5 | A transcription factor involved in the induction of interfereons IFNA and INFB and inflammatory cytokines upon virus infection; modulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune system activity. Haplotype of the gene was associated with asthma and severity of asthmatic symptoms. |
| JUN | Jun proto-oncogene | A transcription factor which is highly similar to the viral protein; promotes activity of NR5A1 when phosphorylated by HIPK3 leading to increased steroidogenic gene expression upon cAMP signaling stimulation; associated with airway remodeling and corticosteroids resistance in the asthma. |
| LTC4S | Leukotriene C4 synthase | Involved in the production of leukotrienes which are mediators of anaphylaxis and inflammatory conditions such as asthma; localizes to the nuclear envelope and adjacent endoplasmic reticulum. |
| OSM | Oncostatin M | A cytokine which inhibits proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines; regulates cytokine production (IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF) from endothelial cells; involved in the maturation of fetal hepatocytes, thereby promoting liver development and regeneration; relevant to airway remodeling and pathogenesis of asthma. |
| SMAD7 | SMAD family member 7 | An antagonist of TGF-beta receptor superfamily signaling; inhibits the signaling by associating with their receptors thus preventing SMAD2 access; expression is induced by TGFBR1; associated with airway inflammation and reactivity in asthma |