Table 1.
Descriptive variables of the studied simple.
| Total (n = 6,823) |
Type 2 diabetes = absent (n = 4,964) |
Type 2 diabetes = present (n = 1,859) |
χ2 | df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 3506 (51.4%) | 2485 (50.1%) | 1021 (54.9%) | 12.78 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Female | 3317 (48.6%) | 2479 (49.9%) | 838 (45.1%) | |||
| Origin | ||||||
| Europe | 6651 (97.5%) | 4825 (97.2%) | 1826 (98.2%) | 6.95 | 5 | 0.256 |
| South-America | 153 (2.2%) | 124 (2.5%) | 29 (1.6%) | |||
| North-Africa | 10 (0.1%) | 7 (0.1%) | 3 (0.2%) | |||
| South-Sahara | 6 (0.1%) | 5 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | |||
| Asian | 2 (0.0%) | 2 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Other | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Civil status | ||||||
| Single | 340 (5.0%) | 257 (5.2%) | 83 (4.5%) | |||
| Married | 5230 (76.7%) | 3778 (76.1%) | 1452 (78.1%) | 5.99 | 5 | 0.308 |
| Widow | 711 (10.4%) | 529 (10.7%) | 182 (9.8%) | |||
| Divorced | 386 (5.7%) | 278 (5.6%) | 108 (5.8%) | |||
| Separated | 154 (2.3%) | 120 (2.4%) | 34 (1.8%) | |||
| Religious | 2 (0.0%) | 2 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| University (high) | 896 (13.1%) | 681 (13.7%) | 215 (11.6%) | 17.22 | 4 | 0.004 |
| University (grade) | 613 (9.0%) | 465 (9.4%) | 148 (8.0%) | |||
| Secondary | 1968 (28.8%) | 1449 (29.2%) | 519 (27.9%) | |||
| Primary or less | 3346 (49.1%) | 2369 (47.7%) | 977 (42.6%) | |||
| Employment | ||||||
| Employed | 1412 (20.7%) | 1085 (21.9%) | 327 (17.6%) | 19.27 | 7 | 0.013 |
| Total incapacity | 110 (1.6%) | 71 (1.4%) | 39 (2.1%) | |||
| Work at home | 1009 (14.8%) | 736 (14.8%) | 273 (14.7%) | |||
| Student | 51 (0.7%) | 36 (0.7%) | 15 (0.8%) | |||
| Retired | 3800 (55.7%) | 2723 (54.9%) | 1077 (57.9%) | |||
| Work leave (>3 months) | 55 (0.8%) | 37 (0.7%) | 18 (1.0%) | |||
| Unemployed (incomes) | 253 (3.7%) | 180 (3.6%) | 73 (3.9%) | |||
| Unemployed (no-incomes) | 133 (1.9%) | 96 (1.9%) | 37 (2.0%) | |||
| Weight group | ||||||
| Over-weight:BMI ⊂ (25–30] | 1831 (26.8%) | 1355 (27.3%) | 476 (25.6%) | 5.31 | 4 | 0.204 |
| Obesity I: BMI ⊂ (30–35] | 3351 (49.1%) | 2449 (49.3%) | 902 (48.5%) | |||
| Obesity II: BMI ⊂ (35–40] | 1589 (23.3%) | 1122 (22.6%) | 467 (25.1%) | |||
| Obesity III: BMI>40 | 52 (0.8%) | 38 (0.8%) | 14 (0.8%) | |||
| Presence of sleep apnoea | ||||||
| No | 5948 (87.2%) | 4374 (88.1%) | 1574 (84.7%) | 14.36 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 875 (12.8%) | 590 (11.9%) | 285 (15.3%) | |||
| Tobacco use (at current) | ||||||
| No | 5975 (87.6%) | 4351 (87.7%) | 1624 (87.4%) | 0.11 | 1 | 0.745 |
| Yes | 848 (12.4%) | 613 (12.3%) | 235 (12.6%) | |||
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| No | 1432 (21.0%) | 1014 (20.4%) | 418 (22.5%) | 3.46 | 1 | 0.126 |
| Yes | 5391 (79.0%) | 3950 (79.6%) | 1441 (77.5%) | |||
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | F | df | p | |
| Age (years-old) | 64.95 ± 4.91 | 64.88 ±4.93 | 65.15 ± 4.86 | 4.23 | 1;6,821 | 0.040 |
| Education level (years) | 11.37 ± 5.23 | 11.53 ± 5.24 | 10.96 5.19 | 16.34 | 1;6,821 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.56 ± 3.44 | 32.49 ± 3.42 | 32.73 3.50 | 6.04 | 1;6,821 | 0.017 |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c, in % | 6.14 ± 2.25 | 5.87 ± 2.51 | 6.87 1.01 | 239.69 | 1;6,821 | <0.001 |
| Plasma glucose levels (mg/dl) | 112.48 ± 26.10 | 103.50 ± 15.21 | 136.54 33.03 | 3112.5 | 1;6,821 | <0.001 |
| Depression (BDI raw total) | 8.47 ± 7.42 | 8.20 ± 7.22 | 9.20 ± 7.88 | 24.58 | 1;6,821 | <0.001 |
Note. p-value includes Finner’s correction for multiple comparisons. SD, standard deviation.