Table 1.
Group characteristics and clinical scores.
| Healthy controls | Combined (pre)HD | preHD | Early HD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 25 | 26 | 6 | 20 |
| Gender male/female | 7/18 | 10/16 | 1/5 | 9/11 |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 52.7 (8.7) | 49.7 (8.5) | 49.1 (4.9) | 49.9 (9.4) |
| Handedness R/L | 24/1 | 22/4 | 5/1 | 17/3 |
| Level of education (ISCED), median (range) | 4 (6) | 5 (5) | 4.5 (4) | 5 (5) |
| CAG repeat length, mean (SD) | n/a | 43.2 (2.3) | 41.3 (1.2) | 43.8 (2.2)¥ |
| Estimated years to onset, mean (SD) | n/a | n/a | 10.8 (2.6) | n/a |
| Total functional capacity, mean (SD) | 13.0 (0.2) | 12.3 (1.2)* | 12.8 (0.4) | 12.1 (1.3)Φ |
| UHDRS-TMS, mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.7) | 10.5 (6.9)* | 2.8 (2.1) | 12.8 (6.1)Φ |
| SDMT, mean (SD) | 54.7 (11.5) | 49.3 (10.0)^ | 56.7 (10.4) | 47.1 (9.0)* |
| SWR, mean (SD) | 108.0 (16.1) | 95.0 (14.5)* | 99.0 (7.2) | 93.9 (16.0)* |
| BDI-II, mean (SD) | 3.6 (3.9) | 6.6 (7.3)^ | 3.3 (2.9) | 7.6 (8.0)Φ |
N = number of participants, SD = Standard deviation, n/a = not applicable, ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education, CAG = Cytosine-Adenine-Guanine, UHDRS-TMS = Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale-Total Motor Score, SDMT = Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SWR = Stroop Word Reading task, BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II.
Significance at p ≤ 0.05 level: *significantly different from controls, Φsignificantly different from controls and preHD, ¥significantly different from preHD. ^p = 0.07.