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. 2018 Oct 31;8:16122. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34205-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Liposomes for Transdermal delivery. (a) Schematic representation of Fluidization of stratum corneum by folate loaded liposomes incorporated in cosmetic base. (b) Confocal laser microscopy of rat skin treated with Rhodamine-B:i- Rh-B solution(control), ii-SPC, iii-SPC-SA, iv SPC-OA. SPC, SPC-SA, SPC-OA liposomes encapsulating Rhodamine-B, Scale bar = 200 µm, SPC shows follicular penetration, SPC-SA does not show any penetration in dermis, SPC-OA shows highest penetration beyond dermis. (c) Fluorescence intensity graph showing depth of penetration of Rh-B loaded liposomes ***P < 0.001 by student t-test. SPC-SA shows no dermis penetration, SPC-OA shows maximum penetration into the dermis. (d) Surface pressure- area isotherm of SL, SPC, SPC-OA and SPC-SA mixture at 37 °C. (e) ATR-FTIR spectra of blank rat skin (untreated) and post treatment with SPC, SPC-SA and SPC-OA liposomes representing molecular shifts in lipid chains of stratum corneum, kinked structure of oleic acid can efficiently disrupt the ordered packing temporarily and diffuse across the lipid bilayers of stratum corneum. (b–d) n = 3. Mean ± SD.