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. 2018 Oct 31;8:16122. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34205-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Efficacy study in folate deficient anemic rats. Depletion model was created in rats by feeding them on folate deficient diet. The plasma folate levels dropped to 4 ng/mL in 6 weeks after which daily repletion began for 4 weeks with FA 1 mg/kg dose. Cosmetics were applied to shaved skin and removed after 5–10 min. Normal rats were given regular diet. All other groups were given folate deficient diet. FA deficient group is control group. (a) Plasma folate levels after 4 weeks repletion in anemic rats shows significant improvement in folate levels. (b) Folate concentration in erythrocyte showed significant folate levels between oral and transdermal delivery. (c) Folate concentration in liver showed statistically significant increase in oral and transdermal delivery compared to anemic model. (d) Folate depot in skin was highest with FAL-MM, significant depot with FAL-R and FAL-H compared to normal group. ***P < 0.001, ^$P<0.05 and *P < 0.01, Student’s t-test. (e) Numerical scores as per Draize scale of Nutricosmetics after application through the efficacy studies showed no skin irritation or inflammation after regular application. (a–e) N = 6. Mean ± SD.