Table 1.
Selected papers demonstrating ultrasonic excitation and suppression of neural activity
| Experimental preparation | Pulse repetition frequency (kHz) | Sonication duration (s) | Duty cycle (%) | Fundamental frequency (MHz) | Acoustic intensity (W/cm2)* | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro: mice hippocampal slice culture | 0–0.1 | 0.25–15 | 0–2.3, 74.6 | 0.44, 0.67 | 2.9 (Ipa) | Stimulation of electrical activity and synaptic transmission | [19] |
| In vitro: rat hippocampal slice | 200 | Not specified | Not specified | 0.5 | 40–110 (Ispta) | Depressed fiver volley and cell population potentials, enhanced dendritic potential | [15] |
| In vitro: frog sciatic nerve | Not specified | 0.0005 | Not specified | 2–7 | 100–800 | Differential increase and decrease of evoked CAP amplitude | [30] |
| In vitro: frog sciatic nerve | – | 300 | 100 | 3.5 | 1–3 | Increase of evoked CAP amplitude at 1 W/cm2 and decrease in CAP amplitude at 2–3 W/cm2 | [47] |
| In vitro: bullfrog sciatic nerves | – | 30 | 100 | 0.661, 1.986 | 440 | Decrease in action potential | [32] |
| Mouse: motor cortex | – | 0.08 | 100 | 0.5 | 3 | Motor responses were elicited, and measured by electromyography | [22] |
| Mouse: sensorimotor cortex, subcortical region | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1.9 | 1.12–1.79 MPa | Hind limb movement with EMG responses, eyeball movement pupil dilation | [48] |
| Mouse: motor cortex | 0.011–3 | 0.02–0.48 | 0.2–60, 100 | 0.25–0.6 | 0.01–79.02 | Highly localized stimulation on motor cortex induced EMG responses | [21] |
| Mouse: brain | 1.5 | 0.0587 | 30 | 0.5, 2 | 0.15–5.25 (Ispta) | FUS induced spatially selective diverse movements | [23] |
| Mouse: cortex and hippocampus | 1.2–3 | 0.027–0.333 | 19–86 | 0.25–0.5 | 0.021–0.163 | Stimulation of neuronal activity and synchronous oscillations in the intact hippocampus | [20] |
| Rat: cerebral cortex | 0.005, 0.01 | 10–40 | 50 | 4.6 | 5–100 V/cm2 | DC change, spreading depression | [16] |
| Rat: thalamus | 0.1 | 20 min | 5 | 0.65 | 6 (Isppa) | Decreased recovery time from anesthesia through indication with behavior and physiological changes | [27] |
| Rat: frontal lobe | 0.1 | 20 min | 5 | 0.65 | 3.5 (Isppa) | Significantly increased extracellular concentration of dopamine and serotonin and decreased in GABA | [49] |
| Rat: motor cortex | 2 | 0.25 | 50 | 0.32 | 0.4–1 MPa | Motor activation was measured through video observation | [24] |
| Rat: motor cortex | 1 | 0.03 | 50 | 0.35 | 3 (Ispta) | Estimate the latency in tail movement elicited by transcranial FUS | [25] |
| Rat: motor cortex | 0.1–2.8 | 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 | 30, 50, 70, 100 | 0.35, 0.65 | 2.5–2.8 (Ispta) | Eliciting tail movement | [26] |
| Rabbit: sciatic nerve | Not specified | 5 | 58 | 3.2 | 1930 (Ispta) | Suppression of activity; nerve block | [33] |
| Rabbit: motor and visual cortex | 0.01–1 | 0.5–2, 9 | 5, 50 | 0.69 | 3.3–12.6 (Isppa) | Bimodal modulatory effect of FUS-mediated fMRI BOLD signals | [5] |
| Monkeys: front eye field | – | 0.1 | 100 | 0.32 | 2.9–5.1 (Isppa) | LIFU administered to Scalp over left frontal eye field significantly modulate latencies during AS task | [50] |
| Crab: leg nerve | 10 | 0.008 | 50 | 0.67 | 66, 118.1, 260 (Isptp) | US induced CAP response (self-inhibiting, localized) | [36] |
| Human: S1 | 1 | 0.5 | 36 | 0.5 | 23.87 (Isppa) | EEG responses, improved sensitivity of tactile discrimination | [43] |
| Human: S1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 50 | 0.25 | 3 (Isppa) | Transient tactile sensations | [9] |
| Human: S1 and/or S2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 50 | 0.21 | 35 (Isppa) | Tactile sensations from the hand contralateral to the stimulation (vibrotactile, pressure, warmth, and coolness) | [44] |
| Human: V1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 50 | 0.27 | 16.6 (Isppa) | Phosphene perception, fMRI and EEG activation | [45] |
*Ipa = pulse-average intensity, Ispta = spatial-peak temporal-average intensity, Isppa = spatial-peak pulse-average intensity