Table 3.

Cross-lagged standardised effects (RI-CLPM) between depression and time spent using screens

	b	SE	p	Model fit
Total screen time
Depression → Depression (α)	0.231	0.061	.000	RMSEA = 0.036
Depression → Screen use (γ)	0.147	0.049	.003	χ2 = 19.3 p = .007
Screen use → Depression (β)	0.128	0.057	.024	ICCDepression = 0.31
Screen use → Screen use (δ)	0.375	0.067	.000	ICCScreen Time = 0.53
Social media
Depression → Depression (α)	0.217	0.060	.000	RMSEA = 0.010
Depression → Screen use (γ)	0.036	0.050	.474	χ2 = 7.9 p = .340
Screen use → Depression (β)	0.008	0.051	.873	ICCDepression = 0.34
Screen use → Screen use (δ)	0.208	0.060	.001	ICCSocial media = 0.48
Gaming
Depression → Depression (α)	0.210	0.060	.001	RMSEA = 0.050
Depression → Screen use (γ)	0.033	0.045	.459	χ2 = 31.3 p = .001
Screen use → Depression (β)	0.041	0.050	.416	ICCDepression = 0.33
Screen use → Screen use (δ)	0.318	0.056	.000	ICCGaming = 0.40
TV/passive
Depression → Depression (α)	0.210	0.061	.001	RMSEA = 0.029
Depression → Screen use (γ)	0.042	0.045	.356	χ2 = 17.1 p = .029
Screen use → Depression (β)	0.054	0.045	.230	ICCDepression = 0.33
Screen use → Screen use (δ)	0.192	0.050	.000	ICCTV = 0.37
Web
Depression → Depression (α)	0.218	0.059	.000	RMSEA = 0.032
Depression → Screen use (γ)	0.038	0.046	.410	χ2 = 19.3 p = .013
Screen use → Depression (β)	0.090	0.044	.042	ICCDepression = 0.33
Screen use → Screen use (δ)	0.172	0.052	.001	ICCWeb = 0.53

NB, rows in bold reflect significant parameter estimates