Table 3.
Regression of the number of danger signs that could occur during pregnancy that the client knows with reported incidence risk ratios
| Haiti | Malawi | Senegal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Client type | 1st Pregnancy | All clients | 1st Pregnancy | All clients | 1st Pregnancy | All clients | ||||||
| Counseled on any of the danger signs (ref.=no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.9*** | 1.6*** | 2.8*** | 1.7*** | ||||||
| Agreement on counseling on danger signs (ref.= bothnoa) | ||||||||||||
| Prov no, cl yesb | 1.8*** | 1.6*** | 7.4*** | 4.5*** | 1.1 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Prov yes, cl noc | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||||
| Bothyesd | 2.4*** | 2.0*** | 11.9*** | 5.7*** | 3.8*** | 2.3*** | ||||||
| Duration of consultation | ||||||||||||
| Average in mins | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0** | 1.0** |
| Client’s age (ref.: < 20) | ||||||||||||
| 20–29 | 1.4* | 1.4* | 1.4** | 1.3* | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 30–35 | 1.6** | 1.5* | 1.6*** | 1.5*** | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 36+ and don’t know | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6** | 1.5** | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Client’s education (ref.: none) | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3* | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.2* | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1* | 1.1* |
| Secondary + | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4** | 1.3** | 3.2** | 2.0* | 1.6* | 1.4* | 1.9** | 1.7** | 1.3** | 1.3* |
| Number of previous ANC visits (ref.: first visit) | ||||||||||||
| 2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2** | 1.3** | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3*** | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| 3 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3* | 1.2* | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2* | 1.4*** | 1.7** | 1.5* | 1.2* | 1.1 |
| 4 or more | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3*** | 1.3** | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3* | 1.5*** | 2.6*** | 2.5*** | 1.5*** | 1.5*** |
| Client’s first pregnancy (ref.: no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7*** | 0.9* | 0.8** | 0.7** | ||||||
| Provider years of education (ref.: < 16) | ||||||||||||
| 16–18 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7* | 0.8* | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7* | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| 19+ | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5* | 0.6** | 0.8 | 0.8* | 0.7 | 0.6* | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Provider training in ANC counseling (ref.: no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4* | 1.4 | 1.3*** | 1.2** |
| Provider number of items supervised (ref.: none) | ||||||||||||
| 1–5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3* | 1.3* | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Region (ref.: North) | ||||||||||||
| Center | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | ||||
| South | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.6** | 0.7* | 0.7** | 0.8* | ||||
| West | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| Dakar | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7** | 1.8*** | ||||||||
| Thiès | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.8*** | 1.7*** | ||||||||
| Central | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.6*** | 1.6*** | ||||||||
| East | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.4*** | 2.5*** | ||||||||
| South | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.9*** | 1.8*** | ||||||||
| Observations | 531 | 531 | 1,603 | 1,603 | 489 | 489 | 2,025 | 2,025 | 256 | 256 | 1,206 | 1,206 |
aBoth no: both the observation and client’s report agree
bProv no, cl yes: provider was not observed to give the counseling but the client reports receiving the counseling
cProv yes, cl no: the provider was observed to give the counseling but the client did not report receiving it
dBoth yes: positive agreement that the counseling did occur
All models control for provider category, facility managing authority, facility type and location, which were all not significant in the models. Significance: *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.001