Table 1.

Summary table of the different modes of action of prostanoid and nuclear receptors and their ligands in DCs

Receptor	Ligand	Immunogenic properties	Tolerogenic properties
EP1-4	PGE2	Induction of CD80, CD86, CCR7 [18] and MMP-9 [17]	Inhibition of IL-12p70 [22] and chemokine receptor expression [26], induction of IL-10 [15, 23]
RAR/RXR	Retinoids		Inhibition of IL-12 and increase of IL-10 [45], production of RA leading to the attraction of regulatory T cells [43, 44]
GR	Corticosteroids		Inhibits maturation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, strong induction of IL-10 [50]
VDR	VDR ligands		Inhibits differentiation and maturation and stimulates Treg induction [39, 52]
PPARγ	PPARγ ligands	Induction of Th2 immunity [59]	Induction of regulatory mucosal phenotype [57]
LXR	LXR ligands	Increases maturation [63], required for DC-migration in response to CCR7 ligands [65]	Inhibits maturation [61, 62], inhibits CCR7-dependent migration [64]
Nurr1			Orchestrates expression of immunoregulatory genes [74]
NOR-1		Required for TLR-mediated DC maturation [76] Required for CCR7 dependent DC migration [73]