Table 2.

Means of place attachment items, results of CFA and internal consistency

Place attachment items	Mean	SD	Standardized factor loadings λ	SE	t-values	α
Place identity						.815
“This river means a lot to me.”	4.14	.97	.768
“I feel no commitment to this river”.a	3.98	1.16	.396	0.057	10.54
“I am very attached to this river.”	3.75	1.06	.896	0.044	29.04
“I identify strongly with this river.”	3.50	1.10	.825	0.047	26.34
Place dependence						.838
“This river is the best place for the kind of whitewater recreation I like to do.”	3.46	1.02	.727
“I enjoy kayaking/rafting/canoeing here more than on any other river.”	3.07	1.05	.887	0.051	24.76
“I get more satisfaction out of visiting this river than from visiting any other river.”	3.01	1.06	.860	0.050	24.54
“I wouldn’t substitute any other river for the type of whitewater recreation I do here.”	2.49	1.15	.569	0.055	16.17

^aitem recoded

Scale: 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree