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Ultrarapid warming steps using metal forms (foams, foils or meshes). (a) Loading of VS55 or DP6 in a 1.8-mL cryovial containing copper foams, aluminum foil or nitinol mesh at room temperature. (b) Success and failure of cooling solutions to sub-glass transition temperature − 140 °C. (c) Rewarming vitrified solutions by convection or inductive RF heating (ultrarapid warming).
