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. 2018 Jun 19;46(11):1857–1869. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-2063-1

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© Biomedical Engineering Society 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Experimental measurement of cooling and warming rates of vitrified vials. The cooling response of CPA and metal implanted cryovials are shown for VS55 (a) and DP6 (b). The respective rates of 10 and 40–60 °C/min exceed the critical cooling rates needed for VS55 (2.5 °C/min) and DP6 (40 °C/min). The warming responses during convection (c) and ultrarapid warming (d) are shown to achieve rates of 70 and 1200 °C/min, respectively. In (d), the RF coil was shut down at − 50 °C to avoid overheating the sample.