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Computational thermal and mechanical stress analysis of convective warming. The simulated thermal (A and B) and stress responses (C and D) to 37 °C water bath convective warming are shown. The maximum thermal gradient of 35 °C during convection results in thermal stress of ~ 4 MPa, which exceeds the yield stress of 3.2 MPa34 at the central point O along the axis of symmetry (C and D).
