Table S1.

The cognitive tests used to assess the three cognitive domains in the study

Cognitive domain	Neurocognitive test	Description
Executive function	WCST	• The test was a complex problem-solving task that probably requires multiple cognitive processes rather than a single unitary function. The subject was asked to match test cards to reference cards according to the color, shape, or number of stimuli on the cards. After a fixed number of correct matches, the sorting rule was changed without notice, and the subject was shifted to a new mode of classification. The test measured executive function that was correlated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Score of WCST used 1) number of category complete that was an indicator for categorizing ability (incremental score means improvement ranging from 0 to a maximum of 6) and 2) perseverative errors (number of errors that subject was incorrect in matching test cards because used the same rule as the previous mode, so incremental score means worse cognitive symptoms. Score ranged from 0 to a maximum of 64)
	Stroop Color and Word Test	• The test measures ability to name the color of a series of colored words rather than read the color names. In normal population, score should be ≥25 words, and incremental score means a cognitive improvement
	TMT B	• The test can provide information about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive functioning, which is sensitive to prefrontal cortex function. The test measures the time required to draw lines connecting circles by shifting from numbers to letters (normal range was about 75–92 seconds, and score reduction means executive function improvement)
Verbal learning and memory	WMS: word lists subtest	• The word lists subtest consists of 12 unrelated words (List A) presented in four learning trials, with recall measured after each presentation. A distracter list of 12 different words (List B) is then administered, followed immediately with a short delay free recall trial of the original list. Score of WMS used 1) trial 1 (word recall in trial 1); 2) total word recall (total word recall in List A for four times); and 3) short delay free recall (word recall of list A immediately after test in List B). Increased score of all these tests means improvement in learning and memory function
Speed of processing	TMT A	• Time required to complete the test that assessed motor speed and attention (normal range was about 31–39 seconds, and score reduction means improvement in processing speed)

Abbreviations: TMT, Trail Making Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale.