Table 2.
Subgroup analyses of diabetes and kidney stones
| Diabetes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P ah | P bh | |
| All studies | 10 | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | 50.5 | 0.03 | |
| Sex | |||||
| Men | 2 | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0 | 0.34 | 0.24/0.09c |
| Women | 3 | 1.29 (1.08–1.55) | 32.5 | 0.23 | |
| Men and women | 5 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 33.6 | 0.20 | |
| Duration of follow-up | |||||
| < 10 years follow-up | 5 | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 0 | 0.53 | 0.41 |
| ≥ 10 years follow-up | 5 | 1.25 (0.98–1.61) | 71.2 | 0.008 | |
| Geographic location | |||||
| Europe | 2 | 1.23 (1.06–1.44) | 0 | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| America | 5 | 1.25 (0.98–1.59) | 71.9 | 0.007 | |
| Asia | 3 | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 0 | 0.80 | |
| Number of cases | |||||
| Cases < 500 | 0 | 0.87 | |||
| Cases 500 to < 1000 | 4 | 1.18 (0.94–1.48) | 43.8 | 0.15 | |
| Cases ≥ 1000 | 6 | 1.15 (0.99–1.35) | 60.6 | 0.03 | |
| Study quality | |||||
| 0–3 | 0 | NC | |||
| 4–6 | 2 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0 | 0.50 | |
| 7–9 | 8 | 1.20 (1.03–1.38) | 56.0 | 0.03 | |
| Adjustment for confounders | |||||
| Age | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | 50.5 | 0.03 | NC |
| No | 0 | ||||
| Alcohol | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 79.7 | 0.007 | 0.80 |
| No | 7 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 24.4 | 0.24 | |
| Smoking | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 0 | 0.74 | 0.38 |
| No | 7 | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 60.8 | 0.02 | |
| BMI, adiposity | |||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0 | 0.61 | 0.54 |
| No | 5 | 1.24 (0.96–1.59) | 73.5 | 0.005 | |
| Thiazide use | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 79.7 | 0.007 | 0.80 |
| No | 7 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 24.4 | 0.24 | |
| Fluids | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 79.7 | 0.007 | 0.80 |
| No | 7 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 24.4 | 0.24 | |
| Sodium | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 79.7 | 0.007 | 0.80 |
| No | 7 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 24.4 | 0.24 | |
| Potassium | |||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 66.4 | 0.02 | 0.69 |
| No | 5 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 33.6 | 0.20 | |
| Animal protein | |||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 66.4 | 0.02 | 0.69 |
| No | 5 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 33.6 | 0.20 | |
| Dietary calcium | |||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 66.4 | 0.02 | 0.69 |
| No | 5 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 33.6 | 0.20 | |
| Calcium supplements | |||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 66.4 | 0.02 | 0.69 |
| No | 5 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 33.6 | 0.20 | |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0 | 0.50 | 0.43 |
| No | 8 | 1.20 (1.03–1.38) | 56.0 | 0.03 | |
n denotes the number of studies
aP for heterogeneity within each subgroup
bP for heterogeneity between subgroups
cP for heterogeneity between men and women (excluding men/women combined)