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. 2018 Jul 31;33(11):1033–1047. doi: 10.1007/s10654-018-0426-4

Table 2.

Subgroup analyses of diabetes and kidney stones

Diabetes
n RR (95% CI) I2 (%) P ah P bh
All studies 10 1.16 (1.03–1.31) 50.5 0.03
Sex
 Men 2 0.91 (0.75–1.10) 0 0.34 0.24/0.09c
 Women 3 1.29 (1.08–1.55) 32.5 0.23
 Men and women 5 1.19 (1.02–1.38) 33.6 0.20
Duration of follow-up
 < 10 years follow-up 5 1.12 (1.01–1.24) 0 0.53 0.41
 ≥ 10 years follow-up 5 1.25 (0.98–1.61) 71.2 0.008
Geographic location
 Europe 2 1.23 (1.06–1.44) 0 0.71 0.15
 America 5 1.25 (0.98–1.59) 71.9 0.007
 Asia 3 1.04 (0.90–1.20) 0 0.80
Number of cases
 Cases < 500 0 0.87
 Cases 500 to < 1000 4 1.18 (0.94–1.48) 43.8 0.15
 Cases ≥ 1000 6 1.15 (0.99–1.35) 60.6 0.03
Study quality
 0–3 0 NC
 4–6 2 1.04 (0.87–1.24) 0 0.50
 7–9 8 1.20 (1.03–1.38) 56.0 0.03
Adjustment for confounders
 Age
  Yes 10 1.16 (1.03–1.31) 50.5 0.03 NC
  No 0
 Alcohol
  Yes 3 1.19 (0.84–1.69) 79.7 0.007 0.80
  No 7 1.14 (1.02–1.27) 24.4 0.24
 Smoking
  Yes 3 1.06 (0.92–1.22) 0 0.74 0.38
  No 7 1.22 (1.02–1.45) 60.8 0.02
 BMI, adiposity
  Yes 5 1.14 (1.03–1.26) 0 0.61 0.54
  No 5 1.24 (0.96–1.59) 73.5 0.005
 Thiazide use
  Yes 3 1.19 (0.84–1.69) 79.7 0.007 0.80
  No 7 1.14 (1.02–1.27) 24.4 0.24
 Fluids
  Yes 3 1.19 (0.84–1.69) 79.7 0.007 0.80
  No 7 1.14 (1.02–1.27) 24.4 0.24
 Sodium
  Yes 3 1.19 (0.84–1.69) 79.7 0.007 0.80
  No 7 1.14 (1.02–1.27) 24.4 0.24
 Potassium
  Yes 5 1.13 (0.92–1.38) 66.4 0.02 0.69
  No 5 1.19 (1.02–1.38) 33.6 0.20
 Animal protein
  Yes 5 1.13 (0.92–1.38) 66.4 0.02 0.69
  No 5 1.19 (1.02–1.38) 33.6 0.20
 Dietary calcium
  Yes 5 1.13 (0.92–1.38) 66.4 0.02 0.69
  No 5 1.19 (1.02–1.38) 33.6 0.20
 Calcium supplements
  Yes 5 1.13 (0.92–1.38) 66.4 0.02 0.69
  No 5 1.19 (1.02–1.38) 33.6 0.20
 Physical activity
  Yes 2 1.04 (0.87–1.24) 0 0.50 0.43
  No 8 1.20 (1.03–1.38) 56.0 0.03

n denotes the number of studies

aP for heterogeneity within each subgroup

bP for heterogeneity between subgroups

cP for heterogeneity between men and women (excluding men/women combined)