Table 2.
Poor performance as a predictor of mortality using the eight cognitive measures separately and a combined composite score as measured in the EPIC-Norfolk 3 Cohort (2006–2010), including pilot data (2004–2006) and followed up over average of 7.1 years, after adjustment for covariates
| Rangea | N | Freq Mort.% (n) | Model 1 | N | Model 2 | n/N | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | ||||||
| SF-EMSE | 8483 | 8402 | 795 /8273 | |||||||||||
| Good | 32, 37 | 6178 | 8.0 (492) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | 0, 31 | 2305 | 14.6 (337) | 1.21 | 1.05, 1.39 | 0.01 | 1.22 | 1.05, 1.41 | 0.01 | 1.17 | 1.01, 1.36 | 0.05 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| HVLT | 8139 | 8063 | 735 /7944 | |||||||||||
| Good | 22, 36 | 6102 | 7.5 (456) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | 0, 21 | 2037 | 15.1(308) | 1.21 | 1.04, 1.41 | 0.01 | 1.21 | 1.03, 1.41 | 0.02 | 1.19 | 1.01, 1.40 | 0.03 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| PAL-FTMS | 7461 | 7390 | 685 /7273 | |||||||||||
| Good | 14, 26 | 5387 | 7.7 (416) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | 0, 13 | 2074 | 14.3 (296) | 1.16 | 1.00, 1.36 | 0.05 | 1.16 | 1.00, 1.36 | 0.06 | 1.18 | 1.01, 1.38 | 0.04 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| PW-acc | 8410 | 8331 | 778 /8205 | |||||||||||
| Good | 10, 54 | 6073 | 7.5 (457) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | − 31, 9 | 2337 | 15.0 (351) | 1.31 | 1.14, 1.52 | P < 0.001 | 1.32 | 1.14, 1.53 | P < 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.15, 1.54 | P < 0.001 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| 7144 | 7074 | 613 /6963 | ||||||||||||
| VST-simple | ||||||||||||||
| Good | 453.1, 694.0 | 5356 | 7.7 (415) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | 694.1, 4078.3 | 1788 | 12.4 (222) | 1.25 | 1.06, 1.48 | 0.01 | 1.23 | 1.04, 1.46 | 0.02 | 1.22 | 1.03, 1.45 | 0.02 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| VST-complex | 7144 | 7074 | 613 / 6963 | |||||||||||
| Good | 458.8, 7291.1 | 5358 | 7.3 (390) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | 849.2, 11825.8 | 1786 | 13.8 (247) | 1.28 | 1.08, 1.50 | 0.004 | 1.28 | 1.08, 1.51 | 0.003 | 1.26 | 1.07, 1.50 | 0.01 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Sh-NART | 8112 | 8030 | 718 /7907 | |||||||||||
| Good | 0, 24 | 6277 | 9.1 (573) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85, 1.29 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Poor | 25, 50 | 1835 | 9.6 (176) | 0.98 | 0.82, 1.16 | 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.81, 1.16 | 0.7 | 0.97 | 0.80, 1.17 | 0.7 | ||
| P = 0.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Pros. mem | 8403 | 8324 | 784 /8199 | |||||||||||
| Success | 6827 | 8.3 (567) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Failure | 1576 | 15.6 (246) | 1.25 | 1.08, 1.46 | 0.004 | 1.25 | 1.07, 1.46 | 0.01 | 1.27 | 1.08, 1.49 | 0.003 | |||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| EPIC-COGCompb | 6128 | 6067 | 504/ 5971 | |||||||||||
| Good | 6, 8 | 4237 | 6.3 (267) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poor | 0, 5 | 1891 | 13.5 (255) | 1.27 | 1.06, 1.53 | 0.01 | 1.26 | 1.04, 1.52 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 1.09, 1.60 | 0.01 | ||
| P < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Models 1 adjusted for age and sex; Models 2 adjusted for age, sex, education and social class; Models 3 adjusted for age, sex, education and social class, smoking, body mass index (bmi), physical activity and prevalent disease
CI confidence interval, EPIC-COGComp composite score (a summary score based on the performance group using data from all eight cognition test outcomes); 1, Freq frequency, HVLT hopkins verbal learning test, Mort. mortality, N number in the analyses, n number of deaths, PAL-FTMS paired associated learning, first trial memory score, Pros. Mem prospective memory, PW-Acc PW-accuracy, SF-EMSE short form extended mental state exam, Sh-NART short national adult reading test, VST visual sensitivity test
aRange of score (or in case of VST, reaction time in ms). bThe composite score is based on combining all the individual cognitive tests, so number in the final analysis (model 3) is significantly smaller than the other tests. See Supplementary information on the summary score