Table 3.
Means and standard deviations on various measures for the high-functioning dyslexics, typical-functioning dyslexics, chronological-age control group and f values for group differences on various tasks at Time 2
| Time 2 measures | M (SD) | F | Post hoc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HF (n = 25) | TF (n = 25) | CA (n = 25) | |||
| Age (months) | 159.08 (14.08) | 159.76 (12.40) | 160.00 (14.24) | 0.03 | |
| Literacy: | 7.55 (1.09) | 5.86 (1.55) | 10.50 (2.08) | 52.18*** | CA > HF > TF |
| Chinese word reading | 7.08 (2.20) | 4.96 (2.78) | 11.12 (2.55) | 38.54*** | CA > HF > TF |
| One-minute reading | 6.60 (2.38) | 5.36 (2.10) | 9.08 (1.61) | 21.27*** | CA > HF > TF |
| Chinese word dictation | 4.88 (1.56) | 5.00 (2.10) | 10.36 (3.50) | 38.46*** | CA > HF = TF |
| Ten-minute writing | 9.04 (3.01) | 8.00 (3.28) | 11.64 (3.73) | 7.82*** | CA > HF = TF |
| Reading comprehension | 10.16 (1.55) | 5.96 (3.38) | 10.28 (2.79) | 20.98*** | CA = HF > TF |
| Visual-Orthographic knowledge | 8.56 (2.41) | 7.08 (2.04) | 10.46 (1.97) | 15.50*** | CA > HF > TF |
| Chinese character matching | 8.12 (2.67) | 6.28 (3.22) | 9.24 (2.47) | 7.10** | CA = HF > TF |
| Delayed copying | 9.00 (3.64) | 7.88 (3.26) | 11.68 (2.23) | 9.92*** | CA > HF = TF |
| Verbal working memory: | 8.84 (2.47) | 9.04 (1.90) | 9.70 (2.80) | 0.87 | |
| Backward digit span | 8.20 (3.01) | 7.76 (2.54) | 9.88 (3.49) | 3.39* | CA > TF |
| Nonword repetition | 9.48 (3.39) | 10.32 (3.09) | 9.52 (3.20) | 0.54 | |
| Rapid naming: | 5.54 (2.94) | 5.24 (2.80) | 9.48 (2.47) | 18.60*** | CA > HF = TF |
| Digit rapid naming | 5.28 (3.16) | 5.52 (2.83) | 9.04 (2.68) | 13.20*** | CA > HF = TF |
| Letter rapid naming | 5.80 (3.11) | 4.96 (3.08) | 9.92 (2.50) | 20.84*** | CA > HF = TF |
| Morphological skills: | 8.72 (2.07) | 7.04 (2.27) | 10.18 (1.86) | 14.34*** | CA > HF > TF |
| Morpheme discrimination | 8.88 (3.18) | 7.44 (2.90) | 9.80 (3.04) | 3.82* | CA > TF |
| Morpheme production | 8.56 (2.62) | 6.64 (3.15) | 10.56 (1.73) | 14.59*** | CA > HF > TF |
HF: high-functioning dyslexics, TF: typical-functioning dyslexics, CA: chronological age controls,
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05