Table 6.
Number of individuals in the high-functioning dyslexic and typical-functioning dyslexic group with deficits in each cognitive-linguistic area and their corresponding mean ages, and literacy skills at Time 1
| HF (n = 25) | TF (n = 25) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive deficits | n (%) | Age | CWR | OMR | CWD | n (%) | Age | CWR | OMR | CWD |
| No deficit | 6 (24%) | 105 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 6 (24%) | 121 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 4.0 |
| Single deficit | 14 (56%) | 108 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 13 (52%) | 100 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 4.8 |
| Phonological awareness (P) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Orthographic skills (O) | 2 (8%) | 89 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 1 (4%) | 132 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 1.0 |
| Verbal working memory (V) | 2 (8%) | 112 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 4 (16%) | 105 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 5.0 |
| Rapid naming (R) | 10 (40%) | 111 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 8 (32%) | 94 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.1 |
| Double deficits | 3 (12%) | 123 | 8.3 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 5 (20%) | 124 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 4.0 |
| P + O | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (4%) | 126 | 10.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 |
| P + R | 1 (4%) | 121 | 10.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| O + V | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (4%) | 124 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 5.0 |
| O + R | 2 (8%) | 124 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 4.0 | 2 (8%) | 128 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 2.5 |
| V + R | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (4%) | 116 | 8.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 |
| Triple deficits | 2 (8%) | 92 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 1 (4%) | 84 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
| P + O + V | 1 (4%) | 80 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| O + V + R | 1 (4%) | 103 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 1 (4%) | 84 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
CWR: Chinese word reading, OMR: One-minute reading, CWD: Chinese word dictation, HF: high-functioning dyslexics, TF: typical-functioning dyslexics. The unit of age is in months