Table 7.
Number of individuals in the high-functioning dyslexic and typical-functioning dyslexic group with deficits in each cognitive-linguistic area and their corresponding mean ages and literacy skills at Time 2
| Cognitive deficits | HF (n = 25) | TF (n = 25) | CA (n = 25) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | age | CWR | OMR | CWD | RC | TMW | n | age | CWR | OMR | CWD | RC | TMW | n | age | CWR | OMR | CWD | RC | TMW | |
| No deficit | 3 | 150 | 5.3 | 7.7 | 4.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 1 | 151 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 162 | 11.9 | 9.4 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 10.5 |
| Single deficit | 17 | 161 | 7 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 8.9 | 11 | 156 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 5 | 149 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 10.4 |
| Visual-Orthographic knowledge (O) | 2 | 152 | 6 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 152 | 7 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 1 | 150 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
| Verbal-working memory (V) | 2 | 149 | 6.5 | 9 | 6.5 | 10.5 | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 149 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 10.5 | |
| Rapid Naming (R) | 12 | 166 | 7.2 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 10.4 | 8.5 | 6 | 159 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 7.2 | 5.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Morphological awareness (M) | 1 | 149 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 152 | 2.5 | 7 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Double deficits | 5 | 158 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 7 | 165 | 4.3 | 6 | 5 | 6.4 | 9 | 2 | 170 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 6.5 | 10.5 | 8.0 |
| O + R | 2 | 169 | 10.5 | 8 | 5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 2 | 159 | 3.5 | 7.5 | 4 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 1 | 186 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 |
| O + M | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 168 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| V + R | 1 | 151 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| V + M | 1 | 158 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 12 | 1 | 175 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 154 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 |
| R + M | 1 | 144 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 165 | 4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 6.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Triple deficits | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | 163 | 4 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| O + V + R | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 154 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| O + R + M | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 169 | 4.7 | 5 | 4.3 | 4 | 8.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| V + R + M | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 157 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Quadruple deficits | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 158 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CWR: Chinese word reading, OMR: One-minute reading, CWD: Chinese word dictation, RC: Reading comprehension, TMW: Ten-minute writing, HF: high-functioning dyslexics, TF: typical-functioning dyslexics. The unit of age is in months