Table 20.2.

Hemodynamic reference values for adult healthy humans at rest

Paramter	Units	Change with age	Male	Female				Statistics	Ref
					Follicular	Luteal	Menopause
HR	bpm	M↓			66 ± 9	65 ± 9		X ± SE	7
		F↓			60 ± 2		57 ± 2	X ±SE	7
					62 ± 2	65 ± 2		X ± SE	2
			67.2 ± 16.6	71.0 ± 16.6				X ± SD	9
SV	mL		94 ± 17	97 ± 16				X ± SD	1
CO	L/min		6.9 ± 0.8	7.2 ± 1.1				X ± SD	1
					5.6 ± 0.4	6.6 ± 0.4+		X ± SE	2
Systolic BP	mmHg	M↑	121 ± 13	113 ± 14				X ± SD	3
		F↑	118 ± 10	115 ± 12				X ± SD	6
				109 ± 3			123 ± 3#	X ± SE	7
			121 ± 8.7*+		113.5 ± 8.7			X ± SE	5
			136.5 ±12.51				125 ± 12.31#
			130 ± 17	126 ± 20				X ± SD	8
Diastolic BP	mmHg	M↑	78 ±9	73 ± 9				X ± SD	3
		F↑	73 ±7	70 ± 7				X ± SD	6
					67 ± 2		80±2+	X ± SE	7
			70.6 ± 10.0*	66.3 ± 7.6				X ± SE	5
			81.1 ± 5.91*				73.0 ± 5.91
			78 ± 9	74 ± 9				X ± SD	8
MAP	mmHg	M↑	92.5 ± 6.7	88.6 ± 7.2	81 ± 2		94±2+	X ± SE	7,10
		F↑			81.7 ± 2.0	75.4 ± 2.3		X ± SE	2
Capillary Pressure	mmHg	M NSD	18.0 ± 2.5*	15 ± 2.4				X ± SE	5
		F↑	18.4 ± 2.01				17.6 ± 3.41

^*M≠F, 20–50 years;

⁺differs from follicular;

^#≠ postmenopause (>55 years); P < 0.05 or better (refer to specific papers);

¹>50 years

Mean ± standard deviation (X ± SD); mean ± standard error of the mean X ± SE; NSD not significantly different, HR heart rate, BP (arterial) blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, bpm beats per minute, SV stroke volume, CO cardiac output

References

^1.Bouwsema MM, Tedjasaputra V, Stickland MK. Are there sex differences in the capillary blood volume and diffusing capacity response to exercise? J Appl Physiol. 2017;122:460–9

^2.Chapman AB, Zamudio S, Woodmansee W, Merouani A, Osorio F, Johnson A, Moore LG, Dahms T, Coffin C, Abraham WT, Schrier RW. Systemic and renal hemodynamic changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle mimic early pregnancy. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 1997;273(30):F777–82

^3.Lam CSP, Cheng S, Choong K, Larson MG, Murabito JM, Newton-Cheh C, Bhasin S, McCabe EL, Miller KK, Redfield MM, Vasan RS, Coviello AD, Wang TJ. Influence of sex and hormone status on circulating natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(6):618–26

^4.Montanini V, Simoni M, Chiossi G, Baraghini GF, Velardo A, Baraldi E, Marrama P. Age-related changes in plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, cortisol, testosterone and free testosterone circadian rhythms in adult men. Horm Res. 1988;29:1–6

^5.Shore AC, Sandeman DD, Tooke JE. Capillary pressure, pulse pressure amplitude, and pressure waveform in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1995;268(1):H147–54

^6.Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Leip EP, Benjamin EJ, Wilson PW, Sutherland P, Omland T, Vasan RS. Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(3):254–8

^7.Wenner MM, Sebzda KN, Kuczmarski AV, Pohlig RT, Edwards DG. ETB receptor contribution to vascular dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys. 2017;313(1):R51–7

^8.Xanthakis V, Enserro DM, Murabito JM, Polak JF, Wollert KC, Januzzi JL, Wang TJ, Tofler G, Vasan RS. Ideal cardiovascular health associations with biomarkers and subclinical disease and impact on incidence of cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring study. Circulation. 2014;130(19):1676–83

^9.Bjerregaard P. Mean 24 hour heart rate, minimal heart rate and pauses in healthy subjects 40–79 years of age. Eur HeartJ. 1983;4(1):44–51

^10.Kerkhof PLM, Kuznetsova T, Kresh JY, Handly N. Cardiophysiology illustrated by comparing ventricular volumes in healthy adult males and females. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1065:123–38