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. 2018 Oct 31;14(10):e1007724. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007724

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© 2018 Vanderheyden et al

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 1 — (A) Sleep profiles plotted for flies injected with recombinant human TNFα at ZT4 (concentrations varied from 1-1000nM). (B) Sleep profile of PBS injected and non-injected controls; vehicle injection did not significantly alter baseline sleep duration compared to non-injected controls (t(56) = 1.465, p = 0.149). (C) Sleep duration increased in the 2 hours immediately following TNFα injection in a dose-dependent manner. One-way ANOVA shwed a significant main effect of TNFα injection (F(4,138) = 9.377, p < 0.0001). Tukey post-hoc test revealed that 1000nM TNFα concentration (n = 29, M = 98.6, SD = 26.7) resulted in significantly increased sleep compared to PBS controls (n = 23, M = 47.5, SD = 34.0), 1nM TNFα injection (n = 30, M = 47.3, SD = 39.0), and 10nM TNFα injection (n = 29, M = 63.3, SD = 45.4). The 100nM concentration (n = 28, M = 73.8, SD = 36.2) did not differ from the 1000nM concentration. (D) Total remaining daytime sleep was significantly increased in the 8 hours after TNFα injection in a similar dose-response manner (from PBS (M = 229.9, SD = 102.2) to 1nM (M = 206.2, SD = 131.6), 10nM (M = 268.4, SD = 149.1), 100nM (M = 324.2, SD = 113.6), and 1000nM (M = 349.6, SD = 114.0)) (one-way ANOVA, F(4,138) = 6.786, p < 0.0001). (E) Sleep bout length during the daytime was increased by injections of TNFα (one-way ANOVA, F(4,138) = 2.811, p = 0.028). (F-G) On the day of injection, subsequent nighttime sleep duration (F, (F(4,138) = 1.24, p = 0.30) and bout length (G, (F(4,138) = 1.42, p = 0.23) were unaffected by TNFα. (H) The effects of TNFα were short-lived and did not affect long term sleep behavior. Total sleep, 48 hours after the injections, was unchanged by injection of TNFα (F(4,108) = 1.62, p = 0.175).