Table 2. Foot Functional Index (FFI) within-group and between-groups mean scores by randomized treatment assignment.
| Outcomes | Timeline Scores: Mean ± SD (95% CI) Within-Group Change Scores: Mean (95% CI) |
Between-Group Differences: Mean (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| MT + EX + US (n = 53) | MT + EX + US + EDN (n = 58) | ||
| Foot Functional Index—Pain Scale (0–100) | |||
| Baseline | 59.3 ± 16.2 (54.3, 64.3) | 57.8 ± 19.8 (53.0, 62.6) | |
| 1 week | 51.5 ± 17.9 (45.9, 57.1) | 48.7 ± 22.9 (43.3, 54.1) | |
| Change baseline → 1 week | -7.8 ± 15.0 (-11.9, -3.7) | -9.1 ± 14.6 (-12.9, 5.3) | -1.3 (-6.9, 4.3); P = 0.665 |
| 4 weeks | 40.3 ± 21.6 (34.9, 45.7) | 27.4 ± 18.6 (22.1, 32.7) | |
| Change baseline → 4 weeks | -19.0 ± 20.4 (-24.6, -13.4) | -30.4 ± 19.3 (-35.5, -25.3) | -11.4 (-18.8, -4.0); P = 0.003 |
| 3 months | 34.6 ± 22.2 (28.9, 40.3) | 19.2 ± 20.1 (13.7, 24.7) | |
| Change baseline → 3 months | -24.7 ± 21.0 (-30.5, 18.9) | -38.6 ± 21.4 (-44.2, -33.0) | -13.9 (-21.8, -6.0); P = 0.001 |
| Foot Functional Index—Disability Scale (0–100) | |||
| Baseline | 50.7 ± 18.4 (44.8, 56.6) | 44.9 ± 24.3 (39.3, 50.5) | |
| 1 week | 41.3 ± 18.9 (35.2, 47.4) | 37.6 ± 25.2 (31.8, 43.4) | |
| Change baseline → 1 week | -9.4 ± 16.3 (-13.9, -4.9) | -7.3 ± 14.7 (-11.2, -3.4) | 2.2 (-3.6, 9.0); P = 0.460 |
| 4 weeks | 30.9 ± 20.2 (25.9, 35.9) | 18.4 ± 16.5 (13.6, 23.2) | |
| Change baseline → 4 weeks | -19.8 ± 19.0 (-25.0, -14.6) | -26.5 ± 22.0 (-32.3, -20.7) | -6.7 (-14.4, 1.0); P = 0.092 |
| 3 months | 29.3 ± 21.0 (24.3, 34.3) | 11.5 ± 15.6 (6.7, 16.3) | |
| Change baseline → 3 months | -21.4 ± 20.8 (-27.2, -15.6) | -33.4 ± 23.2 (-39.5, -27.3) | -12.0 (-20.3, -3.7); P = 0.005 |
| Foot Functional Index—Activity Limitation Scale (0–100) | |||
| Baseline | 16.3 ± 12.2 (12.9, 19.7) | 15.1 ± 12.6 (11.9, 18.3) | |
| 1 week | 13.3 ± 11.4 (10.2, 16.4) | 12.9 ± 11.2 (9.9, 15.9) | |
| Change baseline → 1 week | -3.0 ± 7.0 (-4.9, -1.1) | -2.2 ± 7.5 (-4.2, -0.2) | 0.8 (-1.9, 3.5); P = 0.547 |
| 4 weeks | 8.1 ± 7.6 (6.0, 10.2) | 5.5 ± 7.9 (3.5, 7.5) | |
| Change baseline → 4 weeks | -8.2 ± 9.9 (-10.9, -5.5) | -9.6 ± 11.4 (-12.6, -6.6) | -1.4 (-5.5, 2.7); P = 0.486 |
| 3 months | 8.5 ± 11.8 (6.1, 10.9) | 3.7 ± 5.4 (1.3, 6.1) | |
| Change baseline → 3 months | -7.8 ± 12.8 (-11.3, -4.3) | -11.4 ± 11.9 (-14.6, -8.2) | -3.6 (-8.3, 1.1); P = 0.118 |
| Foot Functional Index–Total Score (0–100) | |||
| Baseline | 42.1 ± 12.7 (38.0, 46.2) | 39.3 ± 16.9 (35.3, 43.3) | |
| 1 week | 35.4 ± 13.5 (30.9, 39.9) | 33.1 ± 18.6 (28.8, 37.4) | |
| Change baseline → 1 week | -6.7 ± 10.7 (-9.7, 3.7) | -6.2 ± 9.9 (-8.8, -3.6) | 0.5 (-4.4, 3.4); P = 0.761 |
| 4 weeks | 26.5 ± 14.6 (22.7, 30.3) | 17.2 ± 12.8 (13.5, 20.9) | |
| Change baseline → 4 weeks | -15.6 ± 14.2 (-19.6, -11.6) | -22.1 ± 15.4 (-26.2, -18.0) | -6.5 (-12.1, -0.9); P = 0.023 |
| 3 months | 24.2 ± 16.3 (20.2, 28.2) | 11.5 ± 12.9 (7.6, 15.4) | |
| Change baseline → 3 months | -17.9 ± 16.0 (-22.4, -13.4) | -27.8 ± 16.8 (-32.2, -23.4) | -9.9 (-16.0, -3.8); P = 0.002 |