Fig. 1. Design and operation of the NES.

(A) Cells are cultured on the NS membrane in a well plate geometry. (B) The delivery reagent is placed under the bottom of the reservoir. An electric field is applied between the platinum and ITO electrode to deliver exogenous molecules into cells. (C) Schematic of NES delivery mechanism. The molecules beneath the NS membrane are electrophoretically injected into cells of interest through the NS. The delivered concentration (C_in) is in quadratic relationship with voltage intensity that is applied to the cells (V) and is proportional to the concentration of exogenous molecules (C_ex) and the delivery duration. (D) SEM image of the NS protruding from the membrane. Scale bar, 300 nm.